Soil- and Moisture-Saving Techniques Improve Rain-Fed Sapota Tree Growth, Productivity, and Fruit Quality in Semi-Arid Degraded Ravine Lands

Soil- and moisture-saving techniques (SMSTs) enhance soil fertility and crop yields, yet their impact on sapota in degraded ravine lands is uncertain. This study was conducted in ravine lands of the ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation's Research Centre, Anand, Gujarat, (India) during 2018-2020. This study assessed three SMSTs-sapota with cowpea and castor intercropped on bench terrace (SCCBT), sapota on bench terrace (SBT), and sapota with staggered trenches (SSTS), in comparison with sapota on natural slope (SS)-and evaluated tree growth, fruit yield and quality, runoff, soil loss, and soil properties. SBT produced the tallest trees (3.25 m), which were statistically similar to those under SCCBT (3.24 m) and SSTS (3.17 m), but significantly taller than trees under the SS treatment, which had the shortest trees (2.84 m). Similar trends were observed for canopy spread, tree volume, and collar diameter. SCCBT had the highest fruit yield (38.3 kg tree-1), followed by SBT and SSTS, with SS yielding the least (16.8 kg tree-1). SCCBT also produced fruits with the highest pulp weight (50.5 g) and vitamin C content (14.69 mg), while SS had the lowest values. SCCBT reduced surface runoff by 44% compared to SS but caused higher soil loss. Soil moisture was higher in SCCBT and SBT treatments than in SS. Sapota cultivation on bench terraces and/or on natural slopes with staggered trenches sustainably improves fruit quality, yield, and soil health while promoting soil conservation in degraded ravine ecosystems of western India.