The arid and semi-arid ecologically fragile regions in western China are confronted with extreme water resource shortages, while the stress-fracture-seepage coupling effects induced by mining activities have led to severe depletion of water resources in aquifers. This study systematically investigates the evolutionary patterns and dynamic response mechanisms of overlying rock stress, fractures, and seepage through fluid-solid coupling theory, material mechanics principles, similarity material experiments, and numerical simulations. The findings reveal: the failure process of overlying strata follows a sequential pattern: suspension-fracture -instability-sliding-rotation-articulation-stabilization. A three-stage stepped failure pattern is proposed based on the cantilever beam effect, cantilever-articulation interaction, and voussoir beam structure theory; The fracture network demonstrates a spatially distributed pattern characterized by transverse zonation and vertical stratification, where the spatial heterogeneity of fracture apertures directly governs the zonal classification of seepage fields (low-, medium-, and high-seepage zones). Under the synergistic effects of rock compaction, fracture reconstruction, and stress adjustment, the first aquifer undergoes a "slow rise-two-stage fluctuation-periodic oscillation" process. Other aquifers exhibit distinct evolutionary patterns due to stress transmission attenuation, fracture zonation, and spatial isolation effects; Under multi-field coupling interactions, stress redistribution drives fracture development and reshapes seepage pathways. Seepage pressure conversely affects the effective stress of rock masses, creating positive feedback until dynamic equilibrium of the system is achieved. Stress disturbance intensity attenuates with increasing vertical distance from the coal seam: proximal rock strata dominate stress concentration and release, while distal strata primarily exhibit linear elastic responses. These findings provide theoretical foundations and technical support for ecological restoration and water resource protection in arid mining regions.