Understanding how ecosystems function and respond under climate change is crucial. Drylands, covering over 40% of the global land surface, significantly contribute to global carbon (C) budget variations and biodiversity but face various threats. Blue C ecosystems, though limited in area, play a vital role in regulating Earth's climate but are stressed due to sea level rise and the associated coastal squeezing. At the two ends of the dryness spectrum, responses of drylands and blue C ecosystems to extremes are very complex. Therefore, a newly established group is applying pulsing paradigms to understand how the timing, frequency, and magnitude of pulses shape their ecosystem-atmosphere fluxes. We explore it by strategically planning mobile eddy-covariance towers to improve the representation of spatial heterogeneity. Via combining flux data with multiple measurements, we aim to better understand the effects of unconventional water inputs, soil vapor adsorption in drylands and saltwater intrusion in coastal ecosystems, on ecosystem functioning. Lastly, we target less investigated pulse events but ones also with critical implications for ecosystem-atmosphere interactions, such as wildfire smoke and altered precipitation patterns. In addition, rooted in ground measurements, we are devoted to provide guidance on leveraging physics-informed machine learning techniques to extract insights from flux and multiple data streams. Ultimately, we strive to unlock the potential of flux data, providing deeper insights into ecosystem functioning and advancing our knowledge of ecosystem-atmosphere interactions when facing more extremes. This will also offer actionable solutions to tackle present and future environmental challenges.