Ullah, Siddiq , Sarim, Fazle Malik , Ullah, Mohib , Manan, Fazal , Faryal, Sana , Khan, Shujaul Mulk
2025-10-01 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY 2025 26(卷), 3(期), (621-635页)
Plants distribution, communities' formation and its indicators are characteristically influenced by different environmental factors. This study was aimed to classify vegetation of Karak, Pakistan into plant communities and identify indicator species of each community in relation to edaphic and topographic factors, for better management and forest restoration. Quadrats along transect were used for sampling the vegetation as well as abiotic variables. Kruskal-Wallis's chi-squared test was performed to identify the variation in soil physicochemical parameters. Cluster analyses gave rise to five plant communities with edaphic and topographic factors using PCORD software version 5. The communities were (i) Senegalia modesta-Rhazya stricta-Cynodon dactylon community, (ii) Ziziphus nummularia-Pluchea argute-Aristida adscensionis community (iii) Monotheca buxifolia-Dodonaea viscosa-Dactyloctenium aegyptium, community (iv) Ziziphus mauritiana-Calotropis procera-Citrullus colocynthis community and (v) Prosopis farcta-Vitex negundo-Peganum harmala community. The communities were named based on their topmost indicator plants that were identified through Indicator Species Analyses (ISA). Based on ISA, it is concluded that the variation in aspect, and ups-down in concentration of the soil magnesium, organic matter, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus, have a significant role in the formation of these plant communities in the study region. Findings were confirmed through Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis. The identified indicator species are recommended to be grown in the study region for forest restoration. This study can be utilized to plant right species (indicator species) in the right place during plantation drives.