Land degradation is a growing global concern, particularly in developing regions, where large areas are increasingly vulnerable. This study evaluates the land degradation vulnerability in the Middle Omo-Gibe River (MOGR) basin. The study employs the Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use (MEDALUS) model, integrated with geospatial, remote sensing, and field survey techniques. The results indicate that approximately 45% of the MOGR basin has low soil quality, making it highly susceptible to degradation. Around 60% of the area exhibits low to moderate climate quality. Nearly half of the region shows low vegetation quality, highlighting its environmental sensitivity and land degradation. Moreover, 40% of the basin is identified as critically vulnerable, predominantly in the upper and eastern regions, where high population density, deforestation, intensive land use, soil erosion, and inadequate conservation practices exacerbate the issue. Meanwhile, roughly 50% of the area is categorised as fragile, with moderate to high vulnerability. In addition, the field observations reveal extensive gully formations, bare soils, and open grazing lands, indicative of ongoing degradation. Furthermore, the finding underscores the urgent need for enhanced environmental management practices to mitigate further land degradation and ensure environmental resilience in the MOGR basin.