The ecological environment of Asian drylands is fragile and highly sensitive to global climate change, underscoring the importance of understanding its climatic and ecological history. This study aims to fill the spatial and temporal gaps in climate and environmental records in the NE Iranian Plateau, along the Silk Road. Focusing on Lake Bazangan, we reconstruct the region's climatic history over the past 1500 years through high-resolution analyses of pollen, grain size, geochemical elements, and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs). The results show that during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, 1000-1400 CE), pollen concentrations were low. Grain-size and end-member analyses indicate weakened lake hydrodynamics, while geochemical proxies indicate an oxidized, high-salinity lake environment, reflecting reduced precipitation and the driest conditions. In contrast, during the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1500-1900 CE), higher pollen concentrations, intensified lake hydrodynamics, and geochemical evidence of a more reducing, lower-salinity lake environment collectively suggest a relatively humid climate. These findings are further supported by the precipitation patterns simulated by the MPI-ESM-1-2-LR model. Model simulations indicate that precipitation variability in the NE Iranian Plateau was primarily driven by intensified mid-latitude westerlies and enhanced low-latitude moisture transport, likely modulated by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Overall, this study improves our understanding of past human-environment interactions and provide a climatic perspective for addressing contemporary environmental challenges along the Silk Road region.