2025-11-05 MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 2025 12(卷), 1(期), (null页)
Understanding field-scale soil hydrology is critical for informed irrigation management; however, direct measurements are time consuming and labor intensive. Simulation models offer practical alternatives, but their accuracy is affected by site specific conditions. This study evaluated soil moisture (SM) and crop evapotranspiration (ETc) dynamics in variably irrigated snap bean and sweet corn field established on a calcareous soil. Field experiments were conducted on 24 plots (12 per crop) arranged in a randomized complete block design with four irrigation treatments (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% of full irrigation) applied using a variable rate linear move sprinkler system. SM was continuously monitored using TEROS12 sensors, and ETc was estimated from sub-hourly SM changes. The Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model was calibrated and validated using field observations. Model performance was evaluated using statistical metrics, including Pearson correlation coefficient (r), index of agreement (d), root mean square error (RMSE), and percentage bias (PBIAS). The APEX model simulated daily SM and ETc of the two crops with satisfactory accuracy across all irrigation treatments with r, RMSE, and d values for SM ranging from 0.61 to 0.97, 0.02 to 0.05 cm3 cm- 3, and 0.40 to 0.66 for SM, while for ETc, the values ranged between 0.62 and 0.74, 0.62 to 1.23 mm, and 0.52 to 0.65, respectively. The model slightly underestimated SM and overestimated ETc during validation but showed a better performance under deficit irrigation. These findings highlight the potential of the APEX model as a decision-support tool for simulating crop water dynamics and evaluating irrigation strategies in calcareous soils.