The diversity and discontinuity of plant communities in the oasis-desert ecotone are largely shaped by variations in groundwater depth, yet the relationships between spatial distribution patterns and ecological niches at a regional scale remain insufficiently understood. This study examined the oasis-desert ecotone in Qira County located in the Tarim Basin of China to investigate the spatial distribution of plant communities and groundwater depth as well as their relationships using an integrated approach that combined remote sensing techniques, field monitoring, and numerical modeling. The results showed that vegetation distribution exhibits marked spatial heterogeneity, with coverage ranked as follows: Tamarix ramosissima>Phragmites australis>Populus euphratica>Alhagi sparsifolia. Numerical simulations indicated that groundwater depths range from 2.00 to 65.00 m below the surface, with the system currently in equilibrium, sustaining an average annual recharge of 1.06x10(8) m(3) and an average annual discharge of 1.01x10(8) m(3). Groundwater depth strongly influences vegetation composition and structure: Phragmites australis dominates at average groundwater depth of 5.83 m, followed by Populus euphratica at average groundwater depth of 7.05 m. As groundwater depth increases, the community is initially predominated by Tamarix ramosissima (average groundwater depth of 8.35 m), then becomes a mixture of Tamarix ramosissima, Populus euphratica, and Karelinia caspia (average groundwater depth of 10.50 m), and finally transitions to Alhagi sparsifolia (average groundwater depth of 14.30 m). These findings highlight groundwater-dependent ecological thresholds that govern plant community composition and provide a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem stability, and vegetation restoration in the arid oasis-desert ecotone.