Study region: the Tarim River Basin (TRB), China. Study focus: We based on surface hydrothermal data, along with LUCC and major environmental factors from three ecosystems in the mountain, oasis, and desert regions of the TRB from 1990 to 2022, and investigated the response of surface hydrothermal processes in different ecosystems to LUCC and climate change. New insights into the response of surface hydrothermal processes in different ecosystems to LUCC and climate change: Significant expansion of cropland and impervious areas occurred in the oasis regions (+15,091.2 km2 and +2329.7 km2, respectively), primarily through conversion of grasslands and barren lands. Glacier/snow areas of the mountains region reduction (-1192.7 km2), while desert regions showed enhanced land utilization with barren land decrease (-1366.3 km2). (2) Regional land surface temperature (LST) demonstrated an upward trend (P < 0.01). Soil moisture (SM) declined significantly, particularly in the winter of the oases region (-0.0006 m3/ m3 yr-1, P < 0.05). Except for the mountain area, the actual evapotranspiration (AET) showed a downward trend. (3) Conversion to forests/grasslands significantly suppressed regional LST increasing, decelerated SM decline, and enhanced AET. Conversely, conversion to impervious areas intensified regional LST rising and SM depletion. (4) Hydrothermal drivers exhibited significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Solar radiation (SRAD) dominated regional LST variability (70.7 % summer explanatory power in mountainous regions), PRE governed regional AET variability (exceeding 80 % explanatory power in oasis regions), and regional SM was jointly controlled by regional LST and PRE. The results of this study will provide a crucial scientific basis for regional ecological protection and climate change response.