Context: A growing number of field studies have investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, yet the N fertilization impacts on GHG fluxes in soil profile and its influencing factors remain unclear. Objectives: The study aim to quantify the responses of GHG fluxes in the soil profile to N fertilization from local to global scales. Additionally, we explore the key drivers influencing soil profile GHG fluxes. Methods: We conducted a three-year experiment to investigate the dynamic of GHG fluxes in soil profile at different N rates (0 kg ha(-1) year(-1), 180 kg ha(-1) year(-1), 360 kg ha(-1) year(-1)) in a wheat cropland. Furthermore, a global meta-analysis that including 643 paired observations related to GHG fluxes in soil profile under N fertilization in dryland cropland worldwide was performed. Results: N fertilization slightly increased CO2 flux in the soil profile, while higher N rate increased N2O flux in subsoil layer (20-60 cm). The N application rate, soil depth, growing season, and the changes in soil physicochemical properties (soil temperature and moisture, etc.) induced by these factors influenced GHG fluxes. The global meta-analysis revealed that N fertilization promoted CO2 emission in surface soil layer (0-10 cm), and N2O and CH4 fluxes through the whole soil profile, except for CH4 uptake below 60 cm. Soil texture and edaphic factor variations affected global GHG flux responses to N fertilization. Conclusion: The divergent impacts of N fertilization on GHG fluxes among soil layers were driven by N-induced soil physicochemical property changes. Implications: The study highlights the varied response of GHG fluxes in soil profile to N fertilization, and future studies on soil carbon and N cycling processes should incorporate subsoil layers GHG emissions.