Guizhou Province, southwestern China, is a key region for karst landscapes, facing significant challenges from soil erosion and stone desertification. Soil erosion patterns vary across different karst landforms. This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of soil erosion in Guizhou from 2010 to 2020. We classified the karst region in Guizhou Province into six types: Non-Karst, Fault Basin, Karst Gorge, Karst Plateau, Karst Ridge Trough, and Peak Cluster Depression. We employed an improved revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) incorporating the characteristics of different karst landform types to determine the differential impacts of land use and topography on soil erosion. The study utilized the geographical detector method, which consists of two components: (1) factor detector, to quantify the spatial differentiation of different environmental factors on soil erosion and (2) interaction detector, to assess the interaction effects between factors. The q value in the factor detector represents the explanatory power of a factor, with a higher q indicating a greater impact. Results show an increasing trend in soil erosion from 2010 to 2020, with most areas experiencing mild to moderate erosion. The geographical detector identified land use and slope as the dominant and interacting factors influencing soil erosion in Guizhou. In karst ridge trough landforms, croplands, shrublands, and sparse forests are more vulnerable to soil erosion, while grasslands across various karst landform types also exhibit susceptibility. Within the same karst landform type, soil erosion is directly proportional to slope. However, the response of soil erosion to slope varies among different karst landforms, with karst gorges showing a significantly higher response than other types. For slopes exceeding 25 degrees, the average soil erosion increased by 97.48% compared to slopes below 5 degrees, while other karst areas experienced an increase of 60-80%. This study highlights the influence of different karst landform types and land use practices on soil erosion, providing insights with both theoretical and practical significance for effective soil erosion control in karst regions.