Dryland areas, covering approximately 47% of the Earth and supporting the livelihood of millions of people, face challenges such as prolonged droughts, increased temperatures, deteriorating soil health, and desertifcation. As global warming intensifes, these regions, specifcally, face a major challenge of sustaining agricultural production. The problems confronting dryland agriculture, global food security, and the sustainable management of natural resources are enormous and interconnected. Ensuring crop production and food security in the coming years would, therefore, require enhancing agricultural resilience and adaptation to climate change. This, in turn, has detrimental consequences for agrobiodiversity, particularly crops in drylands that have undergone a continuous evolutionary process over millennia, shaped by the occurrence of mutations, genetic adaptation, and natural selection. These processes have resulted in the development of specifc traits that enable plants and animals to adapt well to such challenging environments. Consequently, drylands also provide ample opportunities for addressing the adverse impacts of climate change. This chapter enumerates the role of plant genetic resources (PGR) in the future and the adverse effects of climate change in drylands, with specifc reference to India. It broadly covers the conservation, utilization, and management strategies of PGR towards climate-resilient agriculture to ensure both agricultural sustainability and future food security.