Precision nitrogen (N) application methods have been developed for dryland wheat that utilize site-specific measurements of grain protein concentration (GPC) to determine N fertilizer recommendations for the next season. The objectives of this study were to determine the critical protein level and N equivalent to a unit change in GPC from relationships between GPC, and grain yield or plant-available N in soft white winter wheat (SWW, Triticum aestivum L.), and assess the consistency of these relationships across SWW cultivars grown under a wide range of precipitation. A 3-year study was undertaken near two sites: Lexington (225 mm of mean annual precipitation) and Adams (450 mm) in Oregon. Differences in precipitation and N fertilization rates between sites were used to induce variability in grain yield and GPC of four cultivars. A critical protein concentration of 117.5 g kg-1 was defined by Cate-Nelson analysis of scatter plots of relative yield versus GPC. Critical protein among cultivars ranged between 105 and 118 g kg-1 suggesting that 117.5 g kg-1 might be used as a general indicator of N sufficiency. Slopes of the regression of available N on GPC were consistent across cultivars and revealed that 4.2-8.4 kg N ha-1 is equivalent to a unit change protein (1 g kg-1) in lower precipitation areas of the region where SWW is under water stress during grain filling. This information is useful in calculating the N to apply from the GPC in the previous season to meet crop requirements in the next season. A critical grain protein level can indicate N sufficiency for yield of winter wheat under water stress.The N equivalent to a unit change in protein concentration is generalizable across winter wheat cultivars.Critical protein level and N equivalent to unit change in protein are useful for precision N management.