Aim: The focus of present study was to find out the effect of 'challenge feeding' on reproduction performance and periparturient health of Sahiwal cattle in arid region of Rajasthan. Methodology: The present study was conducted on eighteen healthy, advance pregnant Sahiwal cattle from 60 days prepartum to 120 days postpartum. The animals were divided into two groups i.e., control and treatment on the basis of milk yield, parity and body weight. The animals in control group were given standard ration while in challenge fed (treatment) group, the animals were given additional amount of concentrate mixture. Results: The cows of treatment group (51.25 +/- 0.37 days) showed first postpartum oestrus significantly earlier than the cows of control group (61.38 +/- 0.32 days) (P<0.05) and the treatment group resulted in significantly higher conception rate (88.89%) as compared to animals of control group (55.56%). The difference in incidence of periparturient health problems between control and treatment group were not significant. Interpretation: Implementation of Effect of challenge feeding on Sahiwal cattle Control group Treatment group 1. Effect on reproduction performance First post-partum estrus (days) No. of service per conception Conception rate (%) Service period (Days open) As compare to control group Decrease Increase Increase Increase challenge feeding in Sahiwal cattle improved the reproduction performance without affecting their periparturient health problems.