本发明涉及一种通过灌水施氮调控沙土地膜下滴灌棉花根系构型方法，该方法在棉花全生育期根据棉花生长阶段进行灌水量、灌水时期和施氮量的调节，该方法是在灌足出苗水的前提下，准确把握头水时间，控制头水和氮素肥料的量，既满足根系向土壤深层生长对水分养分的需要，同时又能减少养分淋移损失，根据棉花生长对水分养分的需求规律确定每次滴水时间、滴水量和施肥的量。本发明利用水氮的植物生长调节的作用原理，进行棉花根系空间构型调控的方法。通过本发明所述的方法进行水氮管理能够促进棉花根系在土壤深层的分布，从而减少吐絮期棉花根长密度的下降，为棉花生育后期的水分养分吸收提供了保障。

本发明涉及一种药用植物红花锦鸡儿育苗方法，该方法是由采集果实种子、净种及种子保存、种子处理、播种、苗期管理和出圃环节完成，该方法利用硫酸镁的吸湿保水性能，可改善培养基质的水分条件，减少了培育过程中水分蒸发的无效损失，达到减少人为调湿的目的，继而提高幼苗出苗率和成活率的育苗方法。本发明所述方法已在中国科学院吐鲁番沙漠植物园进行了育苗试验，出苗率可达到95%，成活率可达到90%，5天即可达到最大萌发率，而且不受季节限制，可全年供苗，对于规模化生产红花锦鸡儿苗木，有较好的操作性，技术流程科学合理，有较强的重复和可靠性，可开展大面积的种植与药物产业开发利用。

本发明涉及一种用于高山环境下的背负式气象监测支架箱，其特征是：柔性太阳能板附着在箱体外表面，全球定位系统支架、温湿传感器支架以及风速传感器支架安置在支架箱外部，气压传感器安置在支架箱内部的气压传感器安置处，传感器的连线通过进线孔与支架箱内数据采集器连接，支架箱表层的柔性太阳能板连接胶体电池，胶体电池通过太阳能供电控制器与数据采集器连接，支架箱两侧设有锁扣，支架箱后背设置背负带。本发明重量轻、作业时具有可移动、可供电、防水、防摔、易背负等特点，数据采集人员通过背负带实时进行气象数据采集。

Forest decline, attributed to increased aridity under global climate change, has been observed with rising frequency worldwide. One of the knowledge gaps making its spatially explicit prediction difficult is the identification of the climatic settings that generate a significant change in the forest state. A relatively rare sequence of unfavourable climatic events - a short extreme drought followed by a prolonged moderate drought within one decade - has allowed us to examine how rainfall amount affects forest performance. Large-scale monitoring, at high spatial and temporal resolutions, is required to study climatic effects on forest performance. Therefore, time-series of spatially interpolated rainfall maps, remote sensing images and tree growth data were used to estimate the environmental settings to which the forests are exposed, and the corresponding forest performance responses. Performance was estimated from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values obtained from 32 Landsat satellite images for 1994-2011. To widen the study perspective we sampled forest performance along a rainfall gradient (250-750 mm) in the planted Pinus halepensis forests in Israel. Performance response was not spatially homogeneous. Three response types could be identified along the rainfall gradient: stable performance with low correlation to rainfall pattern in the humid region (>500 mm), moderate performance decline with high correlation to rainfall in the intermediate region (350-500 mm), and steep performance decline with intermediate correlation to rainfall in the arid region (<350 mm). The response to the second drought differed among regions, unlike the response to the first drought, which was homogeneous. The observed diverging performance trend along the climatic gradient can be attributed to the varied importance of water availability as a limiting factor. The reduced effect of rainfall on performance deviations, the steep performance decline, and the difference between responses to the first and second droughts at the most arid locations, imply to higher importance of multi-annual accumulated and carried-over drought stress effects at these locations. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This study aimed to investigate the interaction between local and regional environmental factors that affect forest performance during drought periods. In previous studies, contradictory results regarding the effect of aspect on forests performance, under different settings, were reported. However, each study focused on a different forest ecosystem at a different time frame, making synthesis inadequate. Monoculture planted Pinus halepensis forests in Israel, covering a broad climatic gradient (200-850 mm annual rainfall), form a suitable study system to address this question. We used remote sensing and GIS methods to observe a large number of afforested stands over a wide area at high resolution. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), obtained from Landsat satellite images for 14 years between 1994 and 2011, served as an inclusive measure of forest performance. Data on the examined environmental factors were obtained from spatially interpolated annual rainfall maps and a topographic aspects map. The effects of aspect on NDVI were evaluated separately for three regions along the rainfall gradient: arid (200-350 mm), intermediate (350-500 mm), and humid (500-850 mm). During the studied period, NDVI declined in the arid region but remained constant in the intermediate and humid regions. NDVI was positively related to annual rainfall in all three regions. The effect of aspect on NDVI was positively associated with rainfall in the arid region, but not in the intermediate and humid regions. In other words, forest performance homogenization across local habitats occurred in the arid region under drought stress. Relatively wet years were characterized by high NDVI values (similar to 0.4), with large differences (similar to 0.025) between northern and southern aspects, whereas dry years were characterized by low NDVI values (similar to 0.3) and small differences (similar to 0.01). The present study supports the concept that under severe drought stress forest performance becomes more homogeneous across local habitats, both temporally (in drought years) and spatially (towards the arid forest boundary). Performance homogenization may occur when low soil water levels are reached, and climatic conditions become the dominant limiting factor. When water availability is high enough, differential performance responses among local habitats are maintained. We evaluated the trends and relations among local and regional environmental factors on performance, and assessed their relative effect sizes. Such an evaluation is essential to link local and global studies aimed at predicting the fate of forests facing global climate change. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Models disagree on how to represent effects of drought stress on plant gas exchange. Some models assume drought stress affects the marginal water use efficiency of plants (marginal WUE=partial derivative A/partial derivative E; i.e. the change in photosynthesis per unit of change in transpiration) whereas others assume drought stress acts directly on photosynthetic capacity. We investigated drought stress in an analysis of results from 22 experimental data sets where photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and predawn leaf water potential were measured at increasing levels of water stress. Our analysis was framed by a recently developed stomatal model that reconciles the empirical and optimal approaches to predicting stomatal conductance. The model has single parameter g(1), a decreasing function of marginal WUE. Species differed greatly in their estimated g(1) values under moist conditions, and in the rate at which g(1) declined with water stress. In some species, particularly the sclerophyll trees, g(1) remained nearly constant or even increased. Photosynthesis was found almost universally to decrease more than could be explained by the reduction in g(1), implying a decline in apparent carboxylation capacity (V-cmax). Species differed in the predawn water potential at which apparent V-cmax declined most steeply, and in the steepness of this decline. Principal components analysis revealed a gradient in water relation strategies from trees to herbs. Herbs had higher apparent V-cmax under moist conditions but trees tended to maintain more open stomata and higher apparent V-cmax under dry conditions. There was also a gradient from malacophylls to sclerophylls, with sclerophylls having lower g(1) values under well-watered conditions and a lower sensitivity of apparent V-cmax to drought. Despite the limited amount of data available for this analysis, it is possible to draw some firm conclusions for modeling: (1) stomatal and non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis must both be considered for the short-term response to drought and (2) plants adapted to arid climate respond very differently from others. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

本发明涉及一种促进胡杨无性繁殖的嫁接方法，该方法包括以下步骤：⑴嫁接前灌溉及病虫害防治；⑵砧木的选择：选择树干通直、一年生、生长旺盛且接穗饱满的新疆杨作为砧木；⑶胡杨接穗的选择：选择青壮年胡杨树作为种条；取种条中间饱满部位包含4~6个芽且长度为8~12cm的枝条作为胡杨接穗；⑷在砧木新疆杨树干的1~1.2m高度处用嫁接刀划成“十”字形刀口，并撬开劈口；⑸将胡杨接穗的下端修剪成菱形，得到修剪后的胡杨接穗；⑹在清明节前后将修剪后的胡杨接穗插入劈口处，绑紧，完成嫁接；⑺嫁接完成后及时灌水、施肥；新疆杨出现萌发芽的时候将萌发的芽全部抹去，待到胡杨幼苗长出3~4片真叶时喷农药即可。本发明有效遏制胡杨种群更新乏力及老龄化。