本实用新型公开了一种用于作物蒸散发测量的测量系统，测量系统包括数据采集端和数据处理端，数据采集端和数据处理端之间通过无线电通信，数据处理端包括数据接收器、数据处理器及参数标定器，数据接收器的输出端同数据处理器的输入端连接，参数标定器的一个输入端同数据处理器的输出端连接，参数标定器的另一个输入端用于接收通过称量法获得的植物蒸腾速率，参数标定器的输出端同数据处理器的控制端连接。该测量系统中，数据处理端接收日照时间、气温、有蒸腾作用植物冠层温度和没有蒸腾的参考冠层温度数据，经过数据处理器输出植物蒸腾速率，并由参数标定器对数据处理器中参数进行自动标定，不需要人工繁琐的计算，即可实现高准确度的测量。

本发明涉及一种加压渗透装置及配合医用CT的实时扫描装置，属于材料无损检测领域。加压渗透装置包括氮气瓶、气压表、减压阀和加压渗透装置本体。加压渗透装置本体包括第一压盖，第二压盖，支柱，活塞，第一过渡接头和第二过渡接头。支柱为中间具有空间腔的立柱结构，支柱一端和第一压盖连接，支柱远离第一压盖的另一端和第二压盖连接，活塞设置于空间腔内部并将空间腔分为第一空间腔和第二空间腔，活塞能移动到空间腔的任意位置。加压渗透装置本体材料为铝。该加压渗透装置结构简单，设计合理，实用性强。采用了铝作为加压渗透装置本体的材料，能满足医用CT成像时不会产生较大的影响。

本申请提供了一种近地表气温遥感监测方法，包括：获得待测区域的包含地表温度、叶面积指数、积雪覆盖比例的遥感产品和海拔高度数据；对所述遥感产品进行时空重建分析，获得所述待测区域时空完整的对应时间的地表温度、叶面积指数和积雪覆盖比例数据；根据预设的近地表气温计算模型，以及根据所述时空完整的对应时间的地表温度、叶面积指数、积雪覆盖比例和海拔高度数据，获得待测区域的气温值。在本申请实施例中，通过建立气温与地表温度、叶面积指数、积雪覆盖比例和海拔之间的统计关系实现气温的遥感监测，这些数据的获得迅速而准确。同时，遥感产品的空间分辨率也越来越高，从而能够以较低的成本提供快速、准确和高空间分辨率的气温监测服务。

本发明涉及一种伊犁河谷砂质薄层土坡地水土保持林造林方法，该方法是在河谷坡地的顶部、中部与下部实施不同的生态植被恢复措施，营建水保林，增加地表植被覆盖，改善土壤理化性质、调节生态环境，实现河谷坡地的固土保水。目的是通过开展伊犁河河谷新垦区山前坡地水土流失典型区域综合防护治理技术研究与示范，结合实验研究成果与经验，研发适宜本区域的水土保持关键技术并集成，有效推动伊犁河谷水土开发顺利实施，满足水土开发背景下水土流失防治的技术需求，进而服务整个伊犁河谷农业科技进步与生态文明建设。本发明所述方法适用于伊犁河谷山前坡地坡度2%‑5%，土层厚度20‑100cm的砂质薄层土，低植被覆盖，易发土壤侵蚀的坡地春秋草场。

本发明涉及一种钻井废弃物的处理方法，该方法中涉及的处理装置是由水洗分离器、叶轮、排岩屑口、振动筛、排水口、管线、第一水泵、第一加药混合器、微波反应器、第二水泵、第二加药混合器、气浮器、气浮器排渣口、溶气泵、第三水泵和磁化器组成，将振动筛分离出来的钻屑通过水洗分离设备进行水洗，水洗后的固相岩屑通过微生物修复处理，将其中残留的少量有害污染物进一步去除，污染物含量已经低于规定的限值，实现资源化再利用；水洗后的液相污水经过微波催化氧化、絮凝、气浮分离处理，作为清洗用水进行循环利用。该方法具有流程简单，污染物去除彻底，可实现资源化利用及处理成本低等优点，可以在油气田的钻井现场开展大规模应用。

Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) is an essential component of Earth's global energy balance and water cycle. The Paris Agreement aspires to limit global mean surface warming to <2 degrees C and no 1.5 degrees C relative to preindustrial levels. However, it is uncertain how this global level will impact the shifts in the extents of sandy areas caused by global desertification. Using Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP) datasets and advection-aridity models, we investigated the spatiotemporal features of ETa in sandy areas in northern China under global warming scenarios of 1.5 degrees C and 2.0 degrees C. The four climate models indicated significant increases in ETa in arid areas across northwestern China. Over time, the ETa value under only the representative concentration pathway 2.6 (RCP2.6) emission scenario increased towards a plateau and significantly increased in the other three emission scenarios (P < 0.01) under global warming of 1.5 degrees C and 2.0 degrees C. In terms of the spatial variations, ETa showed an increasing trend in all seasons except winter. The maximum ETa was 84.61 mm, and high values were mainly located in the southeast of the study area. Precipitation and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed good correlations with ETa in the sandy areas in northern China. The sandy areas in northern China showed decreasing trends (0.45 km(2)/a) from 1980 to 2015. Under global warming of 2.0 degrees C (2040-2059) relative to that of 1.5 degrees C (2020-2039), the area of sandy land will increase at a rate of 27.04 km(2) per decade (P < 0.01); after this period, the sandy land area in northern China may gradually stabilize, with a trend of 0.02 km(2)/a (2047-2100). Early efforts to achieve the 1.5 degrees C temperature goal could therefore markedly reduce the likelihood that large regions will face substantial global desertification and the related impacts. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The analysis of the skeletal remains of vertebrates in archaeological contexts provides information about human animal relationship and their environment. Their taxonomic identification based on macroscopic observation is not always possible due to fragmentation and poor preservation. In recent years, proteomics has emerged as an alternative but there is clearly a lack of data in arid environment where diagenesis rapidly affects the integrity of bone proteins. Here, we report the efficiency of three protocols for protein extraction. The protocols used harsh (1 M HCl and 0.6 M HCl) and soft (Tris-EDTA) decalcification agents and were tested on unidentified splinters from the 2000 years-old site of Toteng, Botswana. The preservation of the organic phase was first estimated using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a set of samples with contrasted collagen contents were selected for palaeoproteomics. The extracted proteins were submitted to a bottom-up proteomic approach involving trypsin digestion followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). Our results identify Tris-EDTA buffer as the most suitable decalcification protocol for poorly preserved bones and propose a collagen content threshold of 3% weight content for successful detection of peptides. This approach, combined with biogeographical and chronological repartitions of mammals in Africa allows refining taxonomic attributions for four out of nine splinters, leading to species identification. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXDO10725.

The Landsat archive presents a unique source for mapping and monitoring of shrublands. Still, efficient and accurate mapping approaches are needed that provide shrub cover fraction estimates over space and time. The spectral signal of shrubs is composed of green vegetation and non-photosynthetic vegetation as well as varying fractions of soil, grass, and shadow, which makes a direct mapping of fraction cover challenging. In this study, we mapped 32 years of shrub cover fractions from annual Landsat best observation composites covering a rockrose (genus Cistus) ecosystem in the Baixo Alentejo region of southern Portugal. Fraction mapping was based on a multi-year support vector regression model trained with synthetically mixed data from a multi-annual image spectral library. Resulting fractions maps were validated using reference information derived from high-resolution satellite imagery available for 10 out of 32 years. Fraction maps reproduced the spatial-temporal patterns of shrub cover in the study region very well, with an average mean absolute error over all validation years of 13.7%. For individual validation years, mean absolute errors ranged from 7.7% to 17.1%. Our consistent modeling framework led to a reliable annual shrub cover fraction time-series, which allowed identifying areas of stable shrub cover and areas with different types and intensities of change. Such long-term shrub cover fraction monitoring is of great value for land use assessments and contributes to a thorough understanding and management of Earth's arid and semi-arid ecosystems.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of the water budget process and is characterized by complex spatiotemporal changes, especially in irrigated agricultural areas. The impact of various hydrological processes and human activities on ET is still a meaty theme to study and investigate. A typical agricultural irrigation district with shallow groundwater and arid climate conditions was selected as the case study area in this work. The impact of the supplied irrigation water, shallow groundwater, crop planting pattern, and weather conditions on regional ET was determined after the regional ET was estimated by a Surface Energy Balance Algorithm of Land (SEBAL) model with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroratiometer (MODIS) data. The results show that the regional ET in Hetao kept declining in the past 15 years. The positive correlation between the water input (water diversion and precipitation) and ET indicated that reduced water diversion controls the declining ET, also causing the drop of groundwater level. Due to capillary forces and root uptake, the shallow groundwater tended to move upward to support the crop water consumption because the soil suffered from a water deficit. Furthermore, we quantified the contribution of shallow groundwater to regional ET and found that the water supplied from shallow groundwater increased from 5% to 15% during the period of water-saving irrigation. However, the long-term decrease of irrigation water supply and groundwater level caused a soil water deficit over the crop growth period, and the variation of crop planting pattern reduced ET as well. Therefore, groundwater plays an important role in sustainable agricultural development in arid and semiarid areas and the contribution of shallow groundwater to regional water consumption cannot be neglected.

In the 1990s, the Chinese government began implementation of a series of national-scale restoration programs to combat environmental degradation. As one of most important arid and semiarid regions of China, the Loess Plateau has attracted attention related to the effectiveness of these initiatives. The present study analyzed land use and cover change (LUCC) of the grassland in the Loess Plateau and the consequent change in net primary productivity (NPP) based on a consecutive land use data derived from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative land cover maps and the CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach) model driven by MODIS-NDVI data. The contributions of climate variation and human activities (including land conversion and management measures) to these changes were also quantitatively differentiated. The results indicated that the area of the Loess Plateau grassland experienced a net increase of 0.43 x 10(4) km(2) over the study period. The total NPP of the Loess Plateau grassland increased by 11,325.13 Gg C.yr(-1), of which the human activities and climate variation were responsible for 78.45% and 21.55%, respectively. The land conversion reduced the grassland NPP by 308.60 Gg C.yr(-1), whereas management measures increased theNPP by 9197.97 Gg C.yr(-1) in the otherwise unmodified grassland. Overall, ecological restoration programs have effectively increased grassland NPP in the Loess Plateau. However, human activities played both positive and negative impacts in this process. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.