Research and analysis Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV): vaccine coverage estimates Annual reports from the national PPV immunisation programme for adults aged 65 years and over. From: UK Health Security Agency Published 19 December 2014 Last updated 17 July 2023 — See all updates Get emails about this page Applies to England Documents Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV) coverage report, England, April 2021 to March 2022 Ref: HPR 17(7) HTML Pneumococcal Immunisation Vaccine Coverage Monitoring Programme, England, data to end March 2022 Ref: HPR 17(7) ODS, 124 KB This file is in an OpenDocument format This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. Request an accessible format. If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email publications@phe.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV) coverage report, England, April 2020 to March 2021 Ref: PHE publications gateway number: GOV-10459; HPR 15(19) PDF, 250 KB, 14 pages This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. Request an accessible format. If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email publications@phe.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use. Pneumococcal Immunisation Vaccine Coverage Monitoring Programme, England, data to end March 2021 Ref: PHE publications gateway number: GOV-10459; HPR 15(19) ODS, 156 KB This file is in an OpenDocument format This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. Request an accessible format. If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email publications@phe.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use. Details Commentary and coverage data relating to the national pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) immunisation programme for adults aged 65 years and over. PPV vaccine coverage annual reports for previous years were published by Public Health England. Published 19 December 2014 Last updated 17 July 2023 + show all updates 17 July 2023 Added HPR 17(8) annual report for 2021 to 2022, and associated data appendix. 23 November 2021 Added HPR 15(19) annual report for 2020 to 2021, and associated data appendix. 14 July 2020 Added Health Protection Report (HPR) 14(13) annual report for 2019 to 2020. 7 November 2019 Added HPR 13(39), PPV coverage report, April 2018 to March 2019: Table 1 updated. 1 November 2019 Added HPR 13(39) annual report and associated data file. 27 July 2018 Added HPR 12(27) report and associated data tables. 30 June 2017 Uploaded HPR 11(23) annual report. 22 July 2016 Added PPV vaccine coverage report (HPR 10(24)) and data tables. 24 July 2015 HPR 9(26) report uploaded 19 December 2014 First published. Get emails about this page Print this page Related content School leaver booster (Td/IPV): vaccine coverage estimates HPV vaccination coverage in adolescent females in England: 2018 to 2019 Collection Health Protection Report: latest surveillance reports Vaccine uptake guidance and the latest coverage data Explore the topic Immunisation

A recent paper by researchers at the University of Minnesota suggests that using corn ethanol in lieu of gasoline would increase emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground-level ozone.[1] The results are based on numerous assumptions (many of which are unclear or concealed from the reader) and a series of complex hypothetical modeling scenarios. Ultimately, the authors' conclusions stand at odds with real-world data showing decreases in ozone and PM2.5 concentrations during the period in which ethanol blending substantially increased in the United States. The findings also run counter to an existing body of research that shows ethanol reduces PM2.5 and emissions that contribute to the formation of urban ozone, including exhaust hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (CO). Further, the paper is contradicted by the results of the Department of Energy's latest GREET model. Finally, the study omits important emissions sources from the petroleum and electric vehicle lifecycle, resulting in a "stacked deck" against ethanol. THE STUDY'S CONCLUSIONS ARE UNDERMINED BY REAL-WORLD OZONE AND PM2.5 TRENDS The paper's assertion that increased ethanol use would cause higher emissions of ozone and PM2.5 is contradicted by EPA data from actual air sensors . Data from 222 EPA sensing sites show that ozone and PM2.5 concentrations have trended downward during the period in which the use of ethanol-blended gasoline has dramatically increased.[2] Ozone concentrations have fallen 33% since 1980, while PM2.5 is down 34% just since 2000. In recent years, both ground-level ozone and PM2.5 emissions have dropped below their respective national standards, according to EPA. Specific "non-attainment" areas where reformulated gasoline (RFG) is required have shown similar reductions since ethanol was introduced as an oxygenate. Source: EPA Air Trends & EIA THE STUDY'S FINDINGS ARE AT ODDS WITH EMISSIONS ESTIMATES FROM THE LATEST GREET MODEL On a full lifecycle basis (i.e., including the contributions of upstream agriculture emissions), the study's results are contradictory to the results from the Department of Energy's latest GREET model.[3] This is particularly confusing because the authors claim to have used an earlier version of the GREET model for their analysis. It is unclear whether the authors adjusted key inputs in the GREET model, and on what scientific basis such adjustments might have been made. The most recent GREET model shows no increase in PM2.5 emissions or other criteria pollutants when gasoline with 10% corn ethanol is compared to conventional gasoline without ethanol. Further, when E85 from corn ethanol is compared to conventional gasoline, GREET1_2014 shows that using E85 decreases urban emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC), nitrous oxide (NOx), coarse particulates (PM10), fine particulates (PM2.5), and sulfur oxide (SOx). The high levels of PM2.5 and ozone concentration attributed to corn ethanol in the Minnesota study appear to be mostly related to assumed upstream agricultural practices, such as fertilizer application. However, the paper and the supporting material do not clarify what assumptions were used for fertilizer production and application, or other agricultural activities. Further, the study omits NOx and SOx emissions for other fuels if those emissions occur "far from population centers." Yet, it appears all NOx and SOx emissions associated with agricultural production of biofuel feedstocks are included even though most feedstock production occurs in sparsely populated rural areas. OTHER RESEARCH SHOWS ETHANOL REDUCES THE POTENTIAL FOR OZONE AND PM2.5 Urban ozone formation occurs from rather complex atmospheric photochemistry, as volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carbon monoxide (CO) react in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Both the EPA and National Research Council have recognized that CO is a precursor to ozone formation. There is a substantial body of evidence proving that ethanol reduces both exhaust hydrocarbons and CO emissions, and thus can help reduce the formation of ground-level ozone. Indeed, ethanol's high oxygen content and ability to reduce exhaust hydrocarbons and CO emissions is the primary reason it is used as an important component of reformulated gasoline in cities with high smog levels. Further, research has shown that increasing the oxygen content in gasoline reduces primary exhaust particulate matter (PM2.5) from the tailpipe. Because ethanol is 35% oxygen by weight, blending ethanol with gasoline increases the oxygen content of the fuel and thus reduces PM2.5 emissions. THE STUDY USES QUESTIONABLE ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING OTHER FUELS The Minnesota study's lifecycle emissions estimates for electric vehicles (EVs) do not include emissions associates with battery production, a glaring omission that creates an inconsistent framework for comparing various fuel/vehicle options. The authors admit that emissions associated with battery production account for "about half" of total EV lifecycle emissions—yet those emissions are excluded from the central scenario. The study also excludes NOx and SOx emissions associated with crude oil extraction, a decision that grossly underrepresents the actual lifecycle emissions impacts of gasoline. These emissions were excluded because the authors assume they occur outside the geographical boundaries of their study area. The authors also assumed all crude oil in 2020 is extracted using conventional methods, which entirely ignores the emissions impacts of unconventional extraction techniques. According to the paper, "oil extraction from oil sands occurs outside of our geographic modeling domain," and thus they assume "all oil is extracted conventionally (0% oil sands oil)." Omitting key emissions sources from the lifecycle assessment of EVs and crude oil inappropriately skews the paper's results for the overall emissions impacts of these fuels and vehicles. [1] Tessum, C.W.; Hill, J.D.; and Marshall, J.D. "Life cycle air quality impacts of conventional and alternative light-duty transportation in the United States." Proceedings of the National Academies of Science. 10.1073/pnas.140685311. [2] EPA Air Trends. http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/ [3] GREET1_2014. Available at https://greet.es.anl.gov/. See "Results" tab, "Gasoline Vehicle: Gasoline" and "Gasoline Vehicle: Low-Level EtOH Blend with Gasoline (E10, Corn, dry)."

U.S. exports of denatured and undenatured ethanol in October totaled 79.2 million gallons (mg), up 40% from September and the highest level in seven months, according to RFA analysis of government data released last Friday. Year-to-date exports stood at 669.3 mg—roughly 40% higher than exports during the same period last year, and implying an annualized total of 803 mg for 2014. Canada received a quarter (28%) of total U.S. ethanol exports in October, followed by the United Arab Emirates (21%), the Philippines (21%), and Tunisia (14%). Historically, Tunisia had been on the books as a U.S. ethanol importer for only three separate months for a total of 6.7 mg. In October, Tunisia ramped up its stakes in the ethanol trade by importing 11.3 mg. South Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands and Brazil were other key destinations in October. October exports of denatured ethanol for fuel continued an upward trend, increasing 32% over September to 50.3 mg. Shipments primarily moved to Canada (22.0 mg, or 44%), the United Arab Emirates (16.3 mg, or 32%), and Tunisia (11.3 mg, or 22%). Shipments of undenatured ethanol for fuel use were 27.1 mg in October, with the Philippines the largest destination at 16.3 mg (60%). South Korea (5.8 mg, or 21%) and Mexico (3.2 mg, or 12%) were other major players. October exports of undenatured ethanol for non-fuel, non-beverage slipped from September to 462,473, while denatured ethanol for non-fuel, non-beverage use nearly tripled to 1.4 mg as a result of South Korea's 1 mg offtake. The United States imported 1.1 mg of fuel ethanol in October—nearly double the September draw, yet the fourth-smallest import volume of the year. All undenatured ethanol was sourced from Singapore (1.0 mg) while all denatured ethanol originated from Canada (102,137 gallons). U.S. ethanol imports this year have averaged less than 7 mg per month, with year-to-date imports standing at 67.5 mg. With October net exports hitting 78.1 mg, the United States has extended its net exporter status to 14 months in a row. October exports of U.S. distillers dried grains (DDGS)—the animal feed co-product manufactured by dry mill ethanol plants—fell 14% from September, reflecting the collapse in shipments to China. October DDGS exports to China fell to their lowest since July 2009 and were equivalent to just 3% of the volume shipped to China in June of this year. Fortunately, U.S. producers were successful in moving record levels of DDGS to the rest of the world (see chart below). Still, the September total of 781,009 metric tons (mt) was the lowest monthly level in 16 months. With China now out of the Top 10, Mexico became the new leader in October, pulling in 148,105 mt (19% of total), while Turkey took in 127,621 mt (16% of total). Canada (65,710 mt), Vietnam (63,302 mt), Thailand (49,393 mt) and South Korea (47,985 mt) rounded out the top customers. Year-to-date exports stood at 9.96 million mt—already topping the 9.71 million mt record set for DDGS exports in 2013.

Archives Climate change survey reveals Canadians’ fears for future generations Nov 28, 2014 – CBC News A new Environics poll of 2,020 people revealed 50 per cent of respondents are “extremely” or “definitely” concerned about a changing climate, and 78 per cent of those fear the kind of legacy it will leave for future generations. + Winnipeg’s first battery-powered electric bus goes into service Nov 27,2014 – Winnipeg Free Press Winnipeg has zapped itself to the head of the pack of battery-electric bus service with the first battery-electric bus in regular service starting Friday morning on — you guessed it — route 20 Watt. + David Suzuki delivers fiery speech to Kinder Morgan protesters Nov 23, 2014 – Vancouver Observer Legendary environmental leader David Suzuki walked up to a police line defending Kinder Morgan drill crews on Burnaby Mountain on Sunday at a protest gaining world-wide attention. + Ontario and Quebec governments sign cooperation agreements on Energy East, climate change Nov 21, 2014 – Canadian Press TORONTO – Ontario has joined with Quebec to set out the conditions, including the prickly issue of greenhouse gas emissions, TransCanada Corp. must comply with to secure a positive response from the provinces regarding its Energy East project. + Snow-covered Buffalo area faces risk of roof collapses, flooding Nov 21, 2014 – CBC News A snowfall that brought huge drifts and closed roads in the Buffalo area finally ended Friday as the looming threat of rain and higher temperatures through the weekend and beyond raised the possibility of floods and more roofs collapsing under the heavy loads. + Dramatic arrest of Kinder Morgan protesters met with defiance and pride Nov 20, 2014 – Vancouver Observer Thursday was the most dramatic day in a months-long battle between citizens and Texas-based Kinder Morgan over the company’s controversial Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project. In a rapid sweep, RCMP arrested as many as two dozen Kinder Morgan protesters on Burnaby Mountain. + Global Warming is probably boosting lake-effect snowstorms Nov 19, 2014 – Slate In the aftermath of a massive lake-effect snowfall event in western New York state, it’s worth asking: Is climate change playing a role here? The short answer is: yes + Monsanto wants to help you beat climate change…with your phone Nov 19, 2014 – Mother Jones You probably know Monsanto as the world’s leading producer of genetically engineered seeds—a global agribusiness giant whose critics accuse it of everything from boosting our reliance on pesticides to driving Indian farmers to suicide. Now, there’s a new evolution on the horizon: Monsanto is making a big move into big data. + US Senate narrowly defeats Keystone XL pipeline bill Nov 18, 2014 – New York Times WASHINGTON — Senate Democrats, by a single vote, stopped legislation that would have approved construction of the Keystone XL pipeline, one of the most fractious and expensive battles of the Obama presidency. But the events of this week suggest that the president may eventually approve the pipeline. + Mayor has friends in rapid-transit plans Nov 18, 2014 – Winnipeg Free Press WINNIPEG – John Norquist, the former mayor of Milwaukee, was in Winnipeg Monday at a a one-day summit on transit-oriented development (TOD). He told about 70 participants that newly elected Winnipeg Mayor Brian Bowman is on the right track with his plan to develop six rapid-transit corridors in Winnipeg by the year 2030. + Breakthrough? US, China set new goals for cutting greenhouse gas emissions Nov 12, 2014 – The Associated Press BEIJING, China – The United States and China pledged Wednesday to take ambitious action to limit greenhouse gases, aiming to inject fresh momentum into the global fight against climate change ahead of make-or-break climate talks next year. + Alaska storm brings frigid weather to swath of US Nov 9, 2014 – Associated Press JUNEAU, Alaska – A massive storm fueled by the remnants of Typhoon Nuri is anchoring a system that will push a frigid blast of air into the mainland United States and send temperatures plunging early this week. + Climate change and freedom of expression on trial in Kinder Morgan lawsuit Nov 7, 2014 – Vancouver Observer In what has been perhaps one of the more entertaining days of a high-profile court hearing regarding Kinder Morgan’s lawsuit against several citizens, a lawyer openly mocked the company in court for its description of how protesters behaved towards company crews. + Will Polar bears become extinct? Nov 7, 2014 – BBC Earth Polar bears, most scientists agree, are in trouble. “The best estimates we’ve got indicate that we’ll probably lose somewhere around two-thirds of the world’s bears somewhere around mid-century, just based on the simple fact that we’re losing sea ice,” says Andrew Derocher, a professor of biological sciences at the University of Alberta. + Study finds no link between wind turbine noise, perceived health effects Nov 6, 2014 – The Canadian Press TORONTO – A Health Canada study has found no evidence to support a link between exposure to wind-turbine noise and health effects reported by people living near the towering structures. + US elections a ‘bloodbath’ for environmental policy, advocates say Nov 6, 2014 – Al Jazeera America Just days after a United Nations panel warned that failure to dramatically and quickly curb the burning of fossil fuels would do “irreversible damage” to the planet, the U.S. electorate on Tuesday voted in a Congress even more committed to the carbon status quo. + Energy executive quits Trans Mountain Pipeline review, Calls NEB process a ‘public deception’ Nov 3, 2014 – DeSmog Blog An energy executive is weighing in on the federal review of Kinder Morgan’s Trans Mountain oil pipeline expansion with a scathing letter that calls the National Energy Board’s review process “fraudulent” and a “public deception”. + David Suzuki Foundation says Canada must move quickly to clean energy Nov 2, 2014 – Canadian Press VANCOUVER – The UN’s panel on climate science report released Sunday in Denmark says climate change is happening, and it’s almost entirely man’s fault. The David Suzuki Foundation says Canadians must respond quickly to ensure that clean energy becomes a national priority in order to prevent the most serious effects of climate change. + IPCC: rapid carbon emission cuts vital to stop severe impact of climate change Nov 2, 2014 – The Guardian Climate change is set to inflict “severe, widespread, and irreversible impacts” on people and the natural world unless carbon emissions are cut sharply and rapidly, according to the most important assessment of global warming yet published. + Make Change Happen Support Climate Change Connection! Every small contribution makes an impact. Donate Now

The first UNEP Adaptation Gap Report serves as a preliminary assessment of global adaptation gaps in finance, technology and knowledge, and lays out a framework for future work on better defining and bridging these gaps.

As the election season came to a close here in the United States, I avoided most of the political drama by catching a plane south of the border to visit the beautiful countries of Peru and Panama. The reason for this trip was not to enjoy the sites and culture of these two countries, but to take part in an ongoing effort by the U.S. ethanol industry to grow ethanol markets around the world and to strengthen America's trade ties. By partnering with the U.S. Grains Council in this trade promotion effort, our industry has been given an opportunity to better understand the transportation fuel market in Peru and Panama, and pinpoint exactly how increased imports of American ethanol to South America can benefit these and other countries in the region. The first stop on our trade mission was Peru which currently imports ethanol exclusively from the United States for domestic use. By importing American-made ethanol to blend in their domestic fuel stock, Peru has been able to capitalize on some of the economic benefits of ethanol from the U.S. But, while we found that Peru is right on point when it comes to using ethanol as an oxygenate to improve its air quality, the country is leaving a major opportunity on the table by not using ethanol for its octane benefits. We seized the opportunity to explain the octane boosting power of ethanol and how it would benefit Peru economically. Peru is a very valuable ethanol export market for the U.S. today, and could be an even larger export market for America in the future if the full octane value of ethanol is recognized, and the country considers increasing the blend rate. Today, Peru consumes 2.1 billion liters of gasoline; a figure that is estimated to grow by 22% over the next decade. At the current blend rate of 7.8%, Peru's total ethanol demand for 2014 is 160 million liters and next year is expected to rise to 165 million liters. Last year, Peru imported 33 million liters of ethanol from the U.S., and this year it is estimated that its ethanol imports will grow modestly to 40 million liters. However, even without an increase in the blend rate, it is forecast that Peru's ethanol import demand will grow to 75 million liters in 2015 which is a dramatic jump from the current year. This could provide a very valuable trade opportunity for the U.S., which could even be more significant if Peru considered moving to 10% ethanol blends. Peru is not just a target market for ethanol exports; it is also driving innovation and growth in the biofuel industry with its farming and ethanol production practices. During the meetings we learned how Peru uses glacier run off to irrigate the desert region of Piura. In doing so, Peru is transforming a portion of the Piura region from desert to farmland. The farmland now produces sugar cane and other agricultural commodities. A portion of the sugar cane is then used for ethanol production. This is just one example of the innovative and forward-thinking initiatives in Peru. Next up was Panama where we found that ethanol is not well received by the public. Delving deeper, we learned that the public's concerns about ethanol are in large part due to production problems at the country's only ethanol plant, which have led to higher prices for their ethanol and a lack of sufficient volumes to meet the country's demand. It seems that Panama's only ethanol plant has not been run very efficiently, and has had difficulty finding sufficient feedstock to produce enough ethanol. This has resulted in higher prices at the pump for consumers, and has led to a backlash from political officials and leaders. While Panama has an aggressive ethanol blending policy that calls for blends to grow from 5% to 10%, the policy has been suspended due to absence of competitively priced ethanol from its only producer of ethanol. Despite this setback, as a result of our meetings, various Panamanian officials continued to express interest in the cost-saving benefits of ethanol produced in the United States, and it seems that the country is open to considering the possibility that ethanol imports from the U.S. could help meet Panama's domestic blending targets while they work to improve their ethanol production. While Panama is a smaller market, they hold a unique position in the region, and thereby hold the key to promoting biofuel use in many of the surrounding markets. This wasn't the first trade mission and it won't be the last. The RFA Board of Directors has identified expanding global markets as a key initiative. Keying off that directive RFA has traveled far and wide to promote the benefits of America's ethanol and open new markets. We will continue to do so as the year comes to a close. Next up for our trade promotion efforts: Southeast Asia.

Testing the Limits of European Ambitions on Emissions Click here to read the full article

David Newbery and Goran Strbac What is the target battery cost at which Battery Electric Vehicles are socially cost competitive? Abstract | PDF Also published as ‘What is needed for Battery Electric Vehicles to become socially cost competitive?’ Economics of Transportation 5, 2016, 1–11 | Text

The Synthesis Report is based on the reports of the three Working Groups of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), including relevant Special Reports. It provides an integrated view of climate change as the final part of the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). This report includes information relevant to Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNCCC).