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2024
The climate crisis is also an inflation crisis [研究报告]

Global inflation in recent years has pushed the prices of food, energy, and basic goods to unprecedented levels. As a result, the rising cost of living has dominated political discussion around the world, but especially in G20 countries. Ahead of this year’s presidential election in the United States, for example, 41 per cent of Americans cited inflation as their top economic issue. High inflation risks overshadowing another urgent crisis: global warming. But rising prices and climate change are closely linked. Extreme weather damages crops, spoils harvests, and drives up food prices, and its impact is growing more pronounced as heatwaves, droughts, and floods become more frequent and intense. These events also disrupt supply chains and energy production, pushing up the price of other essential goods. Climate-induced inflationary pressures are especially acute in Africa and Latin America, where food accounts for a significant share of household spending. For example, an extensive drought exacerbated by El Niño raised the price of staples in Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe earlier this year, creating a hunger crisis. By contrast, households in wealthier countries tend to spend a smaller share of their income on food and are thus better insulated. Discussions about climate change often overlook its economic toll on vulnerable populations and how it deepens inequality, focusing instead on green growth and emissions reductions. But as inflation increasingly disrupts economic stability, this toll can no longer be ignored. Shifting weather patterns have raised the prices of oranges in Brazil, cocoa in West Africa, and coffee in Vietnam. A recent study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and the European Central Bank estimates that rising temperatures could drive up food inflation by 3.2 percentage points per year, with overall inflation increasing by 1.18 percentage points annually by 2035. Rather than being treated solely as an environmental issue, climate change must be central to economic policy. Fiscal and monetary authorities should incorporate both immediate and long-term climate-related risks into their inflation forecasts and policies – as they already do with the “transition risks” of shifting to a low-carbon economy. Some institutions have begun to adapt. The South African Reserve Bank has acknowledged the importance of understanding climate risks. Since 2018, the Central Bank of Costa Rica has integrated the impact of global warming into its economic models. Central banks and finance ministries should also work with climate organisations to create practical solutions that help cushion economies from the interrelated shocks of extreme weather, soaring inflation, and food insecurity. For example, the African Climate Foundation (where one of us works) has developed Adaptation and Resilience Investment Platforms (ARIPs), which use advanced analytics that combine climate and weather data, biophysical models, and economy-wide models to facilitate investment and policy prioritisation – a more comprehensive approach to building resilience. The ACF used an ARIP in Malawi last year, after the country was devastated by Cyclone Freddy, the longest-lasting tropical cyclone ever recorded. Using this financial tool enabled policymakers to identify lasting solutions that would mitigate the economic damage caused by the cyclone while protecting key industries and strengthening financial stability. Other climate think tanks are pursuing similar goals. Iniciativa Climática de México is pushing policymakers to consider climate risks in economic planning, while the Institute for Climate and Society in Brazil has called for social-protection plans and climate-sensitive policies to shield low-income communities from the economic consequences of extreme weather. Equally important is regional collaboration, which would allow countries in Africa and Latin America to develop and share economic policies that are specifically tailored to their climate vulnerabilities and support the most exposed communities. Initiatives like the Inter-American Development Bank’s Regional Climate Change Platform of Economy and Finance Ministries can serve as a blueprint for such efforts. At the global level, greater coordination between climate and economic institutions is crucial. Tools like the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism highlight the need for careful policy design to mitigate adverse effects – in this case, higher costs for consumers in developing countries. Brazil, as the host of next year’s BRICS Summit and United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30), and South Africa, as the current G20 president, have a unique opportunity to redefine the global economic agenda, championing policies that address the twin crises of inflation and global warming. Failure to act collectively and decisively could deepen inequality, erode economic stability, and jeopardise climate goals. But if policymakers develop innovative solutions that bridge the gap between climate and economic strategies, they can reduce the immediate risks of extreme weather and foster long-term stability and resilience. As both inflation and the planet heat up, the need for integrated, equitable policies has never been more urgent. Mónica Araya, Distinguished Fellow at ClimateWorks, is Director of the Governing Board of the Natural Resource Governance Institute. Saliem Fakir is Founder and Executive Director of the African Climate Foundation. Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2024. www.project-syndicate.org Like this content? Join our growing community. Your support helps to strengthen independent journalism, which is critically needed to guide business and policy development for positive impact. Unlock unlimited access to our content and members-only perks. Find out more and join us. → Find out more and join us. →

发布时间:2024-12-31 Eco-Business Research
Meat and dairy’s methane emissions must be on the table in 2025 [研究报告]

After frantic climate negotiations in Baku, Azerbaijan last year, meaningful commitments to reduce agricultural methane were absent from the COP29 deal. This is not surprising. The agriculture industry knows how to organise itself. With over 200 delegates out in force at Baku, it’s no wonder policy decisions have served this industry particularly well. With low expectations for COP29, many environmental groups have had one eye fixed on next year’s COP30 in Belém, Brazil. But with Brazil ranking the third-largest cattle producer and second-largest beef exporter in the world, it’s likely the meat and dairy industry are also watching with an eagle eye. Given Brazil’s status as a major beef exporter, agricultural methane should be a core focus in Belém’s negotiations and upcoming national climate plans. At COP29, waste was the only sector that received considerable focus on methane, including a new drive to reduce these emissions from landfill. We need to bring the same focus to one of the world’s largest sources of man-made methane emissions: the Big Meat and Dairy industry. Big Meat and Dairy While fossil fuel companies have been scrutinised for their contributions to the climate crisis, the meat and dairy industry’s emissions have been left to operate under the radar. Back in 2022, we at the Changing Markets Foundation, alongside the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP), calculated for the first time the methane emissions of 15 of the largest meat and dairy companies. “ While industry drags its heels on adequate voluntary targets, it’s up to governments to set mandatory requirements for agricultural methane emissions reductions, to bring these highly polluting companies in line. This report showed their combined methane emissions equated to over 80 per cent of the European Union’s entire methane footprint. What’s more, when we compared these 15 companies’ greenhouse gas emissions to oil giants, their combined emissions exceeded the individual footprints of the largest firms. This year, we examined the policy landscape in the 11 countries where 22 of the largest meat and dairy companies are headquartered, which includes Brazil. Our findings revealed that these countries lacked mandatory requirements for agricultural methane emissions reductions, cuts in livestock production, or the industry’s inclusion in any form of emissions pricing scheme - despite nearly all signing the Global Methane Pledge. Instead, the landscape is dominated by a focus on technical solutions - such as methane-reducing vaccines for cows - which, alone, will fail to achieve the significant emissions reductions required by 2030. What’s more, the Big Meat and Dairy companies have little to back their environmental commitments up. Among the 22 companies we analysed, 15 have made voluntary net zero pledges, but only three align with the Science-Based Targets Initiative’s target for reaching net zero emissions by 2050. While there is a lot of talk around industry commitments and voluntary initiatives, agriculture is being given a free pass. The worst part is: no one is holding these companies to account. That should be the priority between now and COP30 in Belém next November. The COP30 host itself, Brazil, brought the highest number of agriculture lobbyists of any country to COP29, including more than 20 representatives from the largest meat companies. While industry drags its heels on adequate voluntary targets, it’s up to governments to set mandatory requirements for agricultural methane emissions reductions, to bring these highly polluting companies in line. The science couldn’t be clearer: to keep the 1.5°C limit alive we must rapidly address and reduce all forms of greenhouse gas emissions, methane included. We must call out the major sources of methane, and the continuous pollution by global companies. Until this happens, our attempts to reduce methane emissions will not work. It’s time to demand a level of responsibility and accountability from Big Meat and Dairy. This story was published with permission from Thomson Reuters Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters, that covers humanitarian news, climate change, resilience, women’s rights, trafficking and property rights. Visit https://www.context.news/. Like this content? Join our growing community. Your support helps to strengthen independent journalism, which is critically needed to guide business and policy development for positive impact. Unlock unlimited access to our content and members-only perks. Find out more and join us. → Find out more and join us. →

发布时间:2024-12-31 Eco-Business Research
환경과학원, 경제협력개발기구 화학물질평가 신생과학 자문기구 의장단으로 활동 [科技资讯]

▷ 2025년부터 1월 1일부터 1년간 활동, 아시아 국가 중에서 유일하게 포함 환경부 소속 국립환경과학원(원장 금한승)은 경제협력개발기구(OECD) 화학물질 평가 신생과학(ESCA)* 자문기구의 의장단**으로 2025년 1월 1일부터 1년 간 활동한다고 밝혔다. * Emerging Science in Chemical Assessment : 대체시험법, 인공지능 등 첨단 과학기법을 환경정책에 효율적으로 활용할 수 있도록 화학물질 유해성평가, 시험지침 작업반 사업 검토 및 신규 사업 발굴 등의 역할을 하는 자문기구 ** 제2차 OECD 화학물질 평가 신생과학(ESCA) 자문기구회의(‘24.6월)에서 회원국 만장일치로 선출됨 경제협력개발기구는 화학물질평가 분야에서 인체 모사 조직, 인공지능, 체학(體學, 오믹스)* 등 첨단 과학적 성과를 정책에 활용하기 위해 2023년에 화학물질평가 신생과학(ESCA) 자문기구를 구성했다. 이 자문기구는 경제협력개발기구 국가시험지침사업조정자 및 유해성평가 작업반과 연계하여 대체시험법, 인공지능 등 첨단 과학 분야 사업계획서, 추진현황, 결과를 검토하고 전문가 자문을 제공한다. * 체학(오믹스) : 세포, 조직, 몸에 존재하는 유전체(게놈, 유전 정보의 집합체), 대사체(메타볼롬, 대사 물질의 집합체), 단백체(프로테옴, 단백질의 집합체) 등을 체(體, ome)라고 하고 두 개 이상의 체(體) 정보를 이용하여, 환경오염물질의 영향 등 세포, 개체, 생물체 집단에서 일어나는 변화를 연구하는 학문 분야 이 자문기구의 의장단은 이탈리아의 국립건강연구소(의장), 유럽연합 연합연구소, 미국 환경보호청, 독일 연방위해성평가연구소, 캐나다 오타와대 등으로 구성되어 있으며, 우리나라 국립환경과학원이 이번에 아시아 국가 중에서 유일하게 포함됐다. 한편, 환경부는 화학물질 분야 주무부처로서 경제협력개발기구 화학생명공학위원회와 그 위원회에 속한 다양한 작업반*에서 적극적으로 활동하고 있다. 또한, 환경부 소속기관인 국립환경과학원은 의장단으로서 화학물질 평가 신생과학(ESCA) 자문기구 회의와 관련하여 경제협력개발기구 회원국의 입장을 반영한 의제 선정, 일정 조정, 운영 등 회의 제반사항을 결정하는데 참여할 예정이다. * 국가시험지침사업 조정자, 유해성평가, 우수실험실규정, 노출평가, 제조나노물질 등 금한승 국립환경과학원장은 “대체시험법, 인공지능 등 첨단과학 기법의 한계점을 선제적으로 파악하고 이를 보완할 수 있는 연구를 지속적으로 추진하여 환경오염물질로부터 환경과 국민을 보호할 수 있는 기반을 강화하겠다”라고 밝혔다. 붙임 1. 경제협력개발기구 화학물질평가 신생과학 자문기구 및 의장단 개요. 2. 전문용어 설명. 끝.

发布时间:2024-12-31 Ministry of Environment of Korea
향후 10년간 배출권거래제 청사진 확정, 온실가스 감축으로 기업 탄소경쟁력 견인 [科技资讯]

▷ 12월 31일 국무회의에서 ‘제4차 배출권거래제 기본계획(2026~2035)’ 확정 ▷ 발전부문 유상할당 비율 대폭 상향 등 배출권 할당체계 개편 ▷ 유상할당 수입금은 기업의 감축활동 지원으로 선순환 모색 환경부(장관 김완섭)와 기획재정부(부총리 겸 장관 최상목)는 12월 31일에 열린 국무회의에서 ‘제4차 배출권거래제 기본계획(2026~2035)’이 심의·확정됐다고 밝혔다. 이번 제4차 기본계획은 배출권거래제의 향후 10년간 목표와 정책 방향을 제시하는 법정계획으로, ‘온실가스 배출권의 할당 및 거래에 관한 법률’ 제4조에 따라 환경부와 기재부가 공동으로 수립했다. 배출권거래제는 온실가스 다(多) 배출기업을 대상으로 배출허용량을 정하고 여유·부족 기업 간의 배출권 거래를 허용하는 제도로, 2015년에 도입되어 국가 전체 온실가스 배출량의 약 74%를 관리하는 온실가스 감축의 핵심 수단이다. 제4차 기본계획의 대상기간(2026~2035)에는 우리나라가 국제사회에 약속한 ‘2030 국가 온실가스 감축목표(NDC)’ 시기를 포함하고 있어 배출권거래제의 역할이 여느 때보다 중요하다. 또한, 유럽연합의 탄소국경조정제도 등 세계 경제에 직·간접 영향을 미치는 국제 탄소규제가 본격화됨에 따라 배출권거래제가 우리 기업의 탄소경쟁력을 확보하는 수단이 되도록 역할을 정비할 필요가 있다. 이에 환경부와 기재부는 산업계, 전문가, 중앙·지방행정기관 등 다양한 이해관계자의 의견수렴을 거쳐 △배출권거래제의 감축기능을 강화하고, △나아가 기업의 감축노력이 탄소경쟁력 강화로 이어지도록 지원하는 중장기 제도 개선방향을 담아 이번 4차 기본계획을 마련했다. 제4차 기본계획의 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 먼저, 배출권거래제가 상향된 ‘국가 온실가스 감축목표(NDC)’ 달성에 기여하도록 배출허용총량 설정을 강화하고 유상할당을 확대한다. 4차 할당계획 기간(2026~2030)에는 그간 배출허용총량 외로 편성하던 ‘시장안정화 예비분’을 배출허용총량 내로 포함하여 배출허용총량 설정을 강화하고, 5차 할당계획 기간(2031~2035)부터는 배출권거래제 감축목표를 ‘국가 온실가스 감축목표(NDC)’보다 강화하는 방안을 검토한다. 유상할당 비율은 부문·업종별 여건을 고려해 차등적으로 확대한다. 4차 할당계획 기간에 발전 부문의 유상할당 비율을 대폭 상향하고, 발전 외 부문은 업계 경쟁력, 감축기술 상용화시기 등을 고려하여 유상할당 상향수준을 조정한다. 5차 할당계획 기간에는 탄소누출업종*도 산업보호조치를 도입하면서 유상할당 대상으로 전환하는 방안을 검토한다. * 온실가스 다배출업종으로서, 국내 온실가스 규제가 강화될 경우 규제가 약한 다른 국가로 사업장을 이전할 우려가 있는 업종 다음으로, 온실가스 감축노력에 확실한 특전(인센티브)을 제공하기 위해 할당체계를 개편하고 기업의 감축지원을 강화한다. 4차 할당계획 기간 동안 온실가스 배출효율이 우수한 기업에 유리한 배출권 할당방식인 ‘배출효율기준(BM) 할당’을 참여대상의 75% 이상으로 확대하고, 기준 수치도 지속적으로 강화하여 온실가스 배출효율 개선되도록 유도한다. 배출권 유상할당 확대로 증가가 예상되는 수입금은 기업의 감축활동에 재투자하고, 탄소차액계약제도*, 탄소중립 핵심기술 개발·실증지원 등을 통해 혁신적인 감축기술이 조속히 도입되도록 한다. * 기업이 감축 신기술을 도입할 경우 정부가 일정기간 고정된 탄소가격을 보장하여 기업의 감축투자를 유도하는 지원제도 또한, 배출권거래제의 합리성과 형평성을 높이기 위해 각종 분류체계를 개선한다. 먼저 배출권거래제의 형평성을 높이기 위해 4차 할당계획 기간부터 배출허용총량의 부문을 6개 부문(전환·산업·건물·수송·폐기물·공공기타)에서 2개 부문(발전·발전 외)으로 단순화하고, 유상할당 판단기준은 업체 특성을 더 잘 반영하면서 배출권 가격 변동 등에 따른 불확실성을 줄이는 방향으로 개선한다. 아울러, 적정 배출권가격을 형성하고 이를 통해 기업의 감축투자를 촉진하도록 ‘시장’ 기능을 강화한다. 4차 할당계획 기간부터는 이전 계획기간 대비 배출권 이월을 더욱 자유롭게 할 수 있도록 하고, 제3자의 시장 참여를 확대하여 배출권시장의 활력을 제고한다. 또한 배출권 위탁거래, 선물거래 등 다양한 거래 형태를 안착시켜 배출권시장의 ‘금융시장화’를 도모한다. 5차 할당계획 기간에는 더욱 자유로운 시장을 만들어 나가기 위해 지표배출권제도와 배출권 이월제한제도 등의 폐지를 검토한다. 한편, 안정적이고 예측가능한 배출권 시장 운영을 위해 사전에 공표된 기준에 따라 자동으로 배출권 수급균형을 조정하도록 하는 ‘한국형 시장안정화제도*’를 4차 할당계획 기간부터 시행한다. * 정부가 총량 내 일정량의 예비분을 확보하고 일정 기준에 따라 물량을 공급(경매)하거나 흡수하여 시장 내 공급되는 배출권의 물량을 조정하는 제도 환경부는 이번 4차 기본계획을 토대로 배출허용총량, 유상할당 비율 등 구체적인 수치와 기준을 제시하는 ‘4차 할당계획’을 마련할 예정이다. 김완섭 환경부 장관은 “기업의 감축노력이 기업의 ‘부담’이 아닌 ‘기회’로 이어지도록 배출권거래제도를 개편하여, 국가 온실가스 감축목표 달성에 기여하겠다”며 “지금 이 순간에도 진행되고 있는 기후변화를 멈추기 위한 우리의 변화를 이끌어 내겠다”라고 밝혔다. 붙임 1. 배출권거래제 개요 2. 제4차 배출권거래제 기본계획 기본방향 및 주요내용 3. 전문용어 설명. 끝. ※ 별첨: 제4차 배출권거래제 기본계획

发布时间:2024-12-31 Ministry of Environment of Korea
Nucleation mechanism of multiple-order parameter ferroelectric domain wall motion in hafnia [期刊论文]

Ferroelectric hafnia exhibits promising robust polarization and silicon compatibility for ferroelectric devices. Unfortunately, it suffers from difficult polarization switching. Methods to enable easier polarization switching are needed, and the underlying reason for this switching difficulty is not understood. Here, we investigated the 180 ° domain walls of hafnia and their motion through nucleation. We found that the domains of multiple-order parameter hafnia possess complicated three-dimensional dipole patterns and lead to domain walls of different symmetry. The most common domain wall type is a complex domain wall involving reversal of both polarization and tetragonality order parameters. This domain wall symmetry ensures a good matching of the dipoles perpendicular to the domain wall, which leads to low domain wall energy. However, this ensures a sharp, high-energy, charged domain wall on the edges of nuclei that results in difficult nucleation. Thus, this domain wall is too stable to move, which explains the switching difficulty of hafnia. By contrast, another simple domain wall, involving only polarization reversal, has a poor matching of dipoles perpendicular to the domain wall. This leads to higher domain wall energy and ensures a diffusive and low-energy charged domain wall that enables easier nucleation. This simple domain wall is thus not too stable and easier to move. Our theory advances domain wall nucleation theory from the field of conventional single-order parameter to multiple-order parameters. We propose controlling the populations of different domain wall types in hafnia as a way to enable fast polarization switching and lower coercive fields. Ferroelectric materials exhibit spontaneous electric polarization that could be switched by external electric fields. In the past decade, the interest in ferroelectricity has been heightened by the discovery of ferroelectric hafnia ( 1, 2). The orthorhombic ferroelectric phase of hafnia is generated through a sequence of phase transitions. The high symmetry cubic phase (C) is first transformed to the tetragonal phase (T) by lowering the temperature ( 3), and then the tetragonal phase is converted to the orthorhombic phase (O) due to various factors such as surface states, dopants, vacancies, and strain, etc. ( 4– 14). Unlike conventional perovskite ferroelectric phase transitions involving only polarization as an order parameter, multiple order parameters are involved in fluorite ferroelectric phase transitions ( 15, 16). The multiple-order parameter nature of hafnia leads to its unique structure and properties. The orthorhombic phase has a structure with an alternating pattern of a polar layer and a nonpolar layer within one unit cell, originating from the superposition of equal amplitudes of polar and antipolar order parameters ( 17). The strong coupling between these order parameters also offsets the depolarization field effect and hence makes polarization unusually robust even in the thinnest films ( 5). Robust ferroelectricity even at the ultrathin limit, as well as compatibility with current silicon technology ( 18– 20), makes hafnia a promising candidate for various applications including information storage, neuromorphic circuits, and negative differential capacitance transistors ( 20– 22). Despite the promising advantages over conventional ferroelectrics, the difficulty in polarization switching and high coercive field are major challenges for the practical application of hafnia ( 23– 26). Methods to enable easier switching and to lower the coercive field are urgently needed, and the reason for the difficulty in switching is not completely understood.

发布时间:2024-12-31 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Tamsulosin ameliorates bone loss by inhibiting the release of Cl− through wedging into an allosteric site of TMEM16A [期刊论文]

TMEM16A, a key calcium-activated chloride channel, is crucial for many physiological and pathological processes such as cancer, hypertension, and osteoporosis, etc. However, the regulatory mechanism of TMEM16A is poorly understood, limiting the discovery of effective modulators. Here, we unveil an allosteric gating mechanism by presenting a high-resolution cryo-EM structure of TMEM16A in complex with a channel inhibitor that we identified, Tamsulosin, which is resolved at 2.93 Å. Tamsulosin wedges itself into a pocket within the extracellular domain of TMEM16A, surrounded by α1-α2, α5-α6, and α9-α10 loops. This binding stabilizes a transient preopen conformation of TMEM16A, which is activated by Ca 2+ ions while still preserving a closed pore to prevent Cl − permeation. Validation of this binding site through computational, electrophysiological, and functional experiments, along with site-directed mutagenesis, confirmed the pivotal roles of the pocket-lining residues R605 and E624 on α5-α6 loop in modulating Tamsulosin binding and pore activity. Tamsulosin induces significant positional shifts in extracellular loops, particularly the α5-α6 loop, which moves toward the extracellular exit of the pore, leading to noticeable structural rearrangements in pore-lining helices. The hinges induced by P595 in α5 and G711 in α7 introduce flexibility to the transmembrane helices, orienting Y593 to collaborate with I641 in effectively gating the preopening pore. Notably, Tamsulosin demonstrates significant antiosteoporotic effects by inhibiting TMEM16A, suggesting potential for its repurposing in new therapeutic indications. Our study not only enhances our understanding of the gating mechanism of TMEM16A inhibition but also facilitates structure-based drug design targeting TMEM16A. TMEM16A, also known as ANO1, is a calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) that is expressed in various tissues, including secretory epithelia, smooth muscle, and gastrointestinal tract ( 1). It plays a role in a variety of physiological functions, such as fluid secretion ( 2, 3), smooth muscle contraction ( 4), tumor formation ( 5), and cell proliferation ( 6). Our recent research revealed that TMEM16A is also an essential regulator in osteoclast function and holds potential as a therapeutic target for osteoporosis ( 7). TMEM16A inhibitors have potential therapeutic applications in treating neuropathic pain ( 8), asthma ( 9, 10), stroke ( 11, 12), hypertension ( 13), and overactive bladder ( 14). TMEM16A activators are utilized to validate TMEM16A as a therapeutic target for treating disorders linked with TMEM16A hypofunction, including cystic fibrosis lung disease ( 15) and gastrointestinal hypomotility ( 16). These findings underscore the importance of TMEM16A as a biomarker and promising therapeutic target for various diseases.

发布时间:2024-12-31 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
TCRP 2024 Annual Report of Progress [研究报告]

TCRP 2024 Annual Report of Progress (2024) Download Free PDF Read Free Online The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) has released its annual report, which provides an overview of the program, status of each of TCRP's projects, and a summary of some of the program's accomplishments for the year. TCRP focuses on issues significant to the public transportation industry, with emphasis on developing near-term research solutions to a variety of transit problems involving facilities, vehicles, equipment, service concepts, operations, policy, planning, human resources, maintenance, and administrative practices. Contributor(s): National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Transportation Research Board; Transit Cooperative Research Program

发布时间:2024-12-31 National Academies Press
ACRP 2024 Annual Report [研究报告]

ACRP 2024 Annual Report (2024) Download Free PDF Read Free Online The ACRP 2024 Annual Report describes the TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program’s activities and accomplishments over the past year. The annual report details how ACRP encourages collaboration to address emerging challenges and fosters professional networking across miles and generations. Program metrics and practitioner feedback are presented to highlight ACRP’s accomplishments. Since its establishment in 2005, the Airport Cooperative Research Program has helped foster and sustain these benefits by conducting applied research to help the airport industry address day-to-day challenges. In 2024, ACRP continued conducting high-quality, industry-driven research, disseminating the research to airport practitioners and other stakeholders, and engaging industry members in new and meaningful ways. Contributor(s): National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Transportation Research Board; Airport Cooperative Research Program

发布时间:2024-12-31 National Academies Press
Trojan horse peptide conjugates remodel the activity spectrum of clinical antibiotics [期刊论文]

Infections caused by gram-negative pathogens continue to be a major risk to human health because of the innate antibiotic resistance endowed by their unique cell membrane architecture. Nature has developed an elegant solution to target gram-negative strains, namely by conjugating toxic antibiotic warheads to a suitable carrier to facilitate the active import of the drug to a specific target organism. Microcin C7 (McC) is a Trojan horse peptide–conjugated antibiotic that specifically targets enterobacteria by exploiting active import through oligopeptide transport systems. Here, we characterize the molecular mechanism of McC recognition by YejA, the solute binding protein of the Escherichia coli oligopeptide transporter. Structure-guided mutational and functional analysis elucidates the determinants of substrate recognition. We demonstrate that the peptide carrier can serve as a passport for the entry of molecules that are otherwise not taken into E. coli cells. We show that peptide conjugation can remodel the antibiotic spectrum of clinically relevant parent compounds. Bioinformatics analysis reveals a broad distribution of YejA-like transporters in only the Proteobacteria, underscoring the potential for the development of Trojan horse antibiotics that are actively imported into such gram-negative bacteria. Infections from gram-negative pathogens continue to remain among the most significant threats to human health, and organisms from this phylum constitute the majority of the Global Priority Pathogens listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) ( 1). Proteobacteria have a distinct membrane architecture with an outer membrane that limits permeability and precludes the entry of most small molecules, leading to an inherent resistance capacity ( 2, 3). Consequently, the development of antibiotics for the treatment of infections by pathogenic Proteobacteria remains a standing challenge ( 4). Several outer membrane permeabilizers that disrupt the cross-bridging between bilayer lipopolysaccharides have been developed to sensitize pathogenic Proteobacteria to the available arsenal of antibiotics, but therapeutic usage of these permeabilizers has been limited due to toxicity ( 5– 8). Efforts to design therapeutics against gram-negative pathogenic strains are largely empiric, and despite extensive screening campaigns over the last half-century, there have been few new classes of antibiotics that target Proteobacteria deployed to the clinic ( 9, 10).

发布时间:2024-12-31 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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