Background: Understanding the effects of climate change on health outcomes is crucial for effective policy formulation and intervention strategies. However, in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, like Bangladesh, the true extent of these effects remains unexplored due to data scarcity. This study aims to assess available evidence on climate change-related health outcomes in Bangladesh, to compare it with actual national occurrences, and to explore challenges related to climate change and health data. Methods: We first conducted a systematic review to summarize the climate-sensitive diseases examined in existing literature in Bangladesh. The review results were then compared with over 2.8 million samples from the government's data repository, representing reported cases of climate-sensitive diseases during 2017-2022. This comparison aimed to identify discrepancies between the diseases currently occurring in Bangladesh related to climate change and available knowledge through existing research. Additionally, we also explored the limitations of the data recorded in the government data repository. Results: The available literature in Bangladesh reports only a few specific climate-sensitive diseases, including Diarrhea, Dengue, Cholera, Malaria, Pneumonia, Cardiovascular Diseases, Hypertension, Urinary-Tract Infections, and Malnutrition, which were also considered in few studies. This represents a segment of the total 510 reported climate-sensitive diseases in Bangladesh, of which 143 diseases were responsible for 90.66% of the total occurrences. The most common forms of diseases were diarrhea and gastroenteritis of presumed infectious (28.51%), pneumonia (18.88%), anxiety disorders, panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorders (13.2%), and others (13.15%). Additionally, Urinary-Tract infections (7.87%), cholera (3.03%), and typhoid fever (3.27%) were other frequently reported climate-sensitive diseases. We also explored several challenges related to available data in the government repository, which include inadequate collection of patients' comprehensive socio-demographic information and the absence of a unique patient identifier. Conclusion: The findings underscore the urgent need to tackle data challenges in understanding climate-sensitive diseases in Bangladesh. Policies and programs are required to prioritize the digitalization of the healthcare system and implement a unique patient identification number to facilitate accurate tracking and analysis of health data. Climate Change, including rising temperature and extreme weather events like cyclone and floods, poses a significant global health threat [1]. The World Health Organization estimates climate change already causes at least 150,000 deaths annually at the global level, and that number is projected to double by 2030. Beside these other impact of climate change are far-reaching, leading to forced displacement, malnutrition and increased incidence of diseases such as dengue, diarrhea, and pneumonia [2]. Additionally, climate change has established links to mental health issues, like anxiety and depression [3]. The effects are particularly severe in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) due to limited resources and inadequate infrastructure for coping with erratic weather and disasters [4]. We undertook a comprehensive mixed-method study, incorporating a systematic review of existing studies conducted in Bangladesh, along with an analysis of government data repository. A detailed description of each component is presented below.

Report Details Year Published 2024 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A Country/ies Bangladesh

Overview As UNICEF continues to advance the agenda for equal rights of women and girls, this evaluation seeks to fulfil UNICEF’s learning and accountability needs to measure progress toward gender equality, including UNICEF’s contribution, and to identify good practices and lessons learned for UNICEF to continue to provide effective leadership in gender. This evaluation is a global priority in the plan for global evaluations 2022-2025. It is of interest to the Executive Board members and UNICEF Gender Section in the Programme Group to inform the mid-term review of the Strategic Plan and a possible new GAP or an alternative form of a strategic document that will inform the next Strategic Plan. It is also expected that this evaluation will strengthen the integration of gender equality across the humanitarian, development and peace nexus agenda, where further evidence is needed as girls and women continue to experience more severe hardship during emergency and humanitarian situations, as in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic. Report Details Year Published 2024 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A Consultant name Sonal Zaveri, Celine Mazars, Barry Smith, Emma Haegeman Agency Focal Point Humaira Aziz Focal Point Email haziz@unicef.org Managed by Independent Evaluation Office No Geographic Scope Country Country/ies BangladeshUnited States

Overview The Strengthening Capacities in the Use of Geospatial Information for Improved Resilience in Asia-Pacific and Africa project aims to develop GIT capacities of beneficiary organizations in eight countries in Africa (Nigeria and Uganda), Asia (Bhutan, Bangladesh and Lao PDR) and the Pacific (Fiji, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu) to improve the national response to climate risk. It targets relevant government organizations responsible for disaster risk, natural resource management and/or climate finance. The project spans from August 2021 to July 2024 and is funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) and implemented by UNOSAT. The project aims to enhanced GIT capacities through training delivered in various modalities, solutions tailored to beneficiaries' needs and resources, and establishing a community of practice and a knowledge platform that includes UNOSAT technical backstopping and support from peers. It was agreed that the midline evaluation should take the format of an interactive in-person review workshop instead of an in-depth midline evaluation. The purpose of the midline review workshop was to reflect upon opportunities and challenges during the first one and a half to two years of the project, both during the scoping phase and the early implementation phase. Progress was discussed and compared to the situation reflected in the baseline evaluation and revised Theory of Change (ToC). The review focused on the effectiveness, efficiency and early indication on impact of the OECD DAC evaluation criteria. The in-person workshop was complemented by two online pre-workshops (one for Pacific countries and another for Asian and African countries) and the deployment of a survey of technical training participants, backstopping support requesters and awareness-raising event participants. The midline workshop adopted a mixed methods approach and comprised various data collection tools, namely: i) a document review; ii) participants and backstopping services requesters online survey; iii) informal consultations with the project management; iv) a focus group discussion; v) an outcome harvesting exercise; and vi) scorecard completion. The midline workshop encountered limitations related to unequal implementation progress across countries mostly derived from the implementation of a preceding project in the Pacific countries and a late start of the implementation phase in Nigeria. The scorecard for Uganda was not filled in during the in-person workshop due to logistical constraints and was received by the evaluation team only after the review was concluded. Report Details Year Published 2024 Type Project/Programme Theme/s Capacity development and technical assistanceClimate changeDisaster ResilienceEnvironmentTechnology Joint No Partner/s N/A SDG/s SDG11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities Consultant name Jose Antonio CABO BUJAN Agency Focal Point Katinka Koke Focal Point Email katinka.koke@unitar.org Managed by Independent Evaluation Office Yes Geographic Scope Global Country/ies BangladeshBhutanFijiLao PDRNigeriaSolomon IslandsUgandaVanuatu

Overview UNICEF Bangladesh in partnership with UNDP and in collaboration with Sylhet City Cooperation have commissioned the two-year ‘Multi-Sector Integrated Programme for Improved Nutrition’ targeting pregnant women and children under two years of age in urban slums of the Sylhet City Corporation (SCC), Bangladesh. The programme consists of interventions in nutrition-specific service, nutrition-sensitive WASH intervention, social protection and nutrition-sensitive primary health care. The Center for Evaluation and Development (C4ED) was contracted to design a rigorous impact evaluation, collect and analyse baseline and endline data, and conduct a process evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis. The impact evaluation will present the causal impact of the ‘Multi-Sector delivered nutrition specific and nutrition sensitive interventions targeting to improve child nutrition. The process evaluation will allow the researchers to clearly articulate “intervention activities, how they are implemented, and how they are expected to be linked with the immediate, intermediate, and final outcomes” (Avula et al., 2013). The cost-effectiveness analysis will help to understand the incremental costs and incremental effects of the programme. For the data collections and contextualization of findings and tools, C4ED has partnered with the BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University. Report Details Year Published 2024 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A Consultant name Elikplim Atsiatorme, Senior Research Manager, Dr. Umair Ali, Impact Evaluation Specialist, Malay Kanti Mridha, Professor and Director, Public Health & Nutrition, BRAC- JPGSPH Agency Focal Point Monira Parveen Focal Point Email monparveen@unicef.org Managed by Independent Evaluation Office No Geographic Scope Country Country/ies Bangladesh

Report Details Year Published 2024 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A SDG/s SDG1 - No PovertySDG6 - Clean Water and SanitationSDG8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth Geographic Scope Country Country/ies Bangladesh

Report Details Year Published 2023 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A SDG/s SDG1 - No Poverty Geographic Scope Country Country/ies Bangladesh

Report Details Year Published 2023 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A SDG/s SDG1 - No PovertySDG4 - Quality EducationSDG8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth Geographic Scope Country Country/ies Bangladesh

Report Details Year Published 2023 Type Project/Programme Theme/s Capacity development and technical assistanceCivil society and NGOsClimate changeDisaster ResilienceEducationEnvironmentFinancingGenderGlobal programmesInfrastructurePartnershipsPoverty reductionPrivate sector, business and industrySocial infrastructure and services Joint No Partner/s N/A SDG/s SDG5 - Gender EqualitySDG13 - Climate ActionSDG17 - Partnerships for the Goals Managed by Independent Evaluation Office No Geographic Scope Global Country/ies BangladeshBeninBhutanBurkina FasoCambodiaCote d'IvoireFijiGambia, TheGhanaGuineaJamaicaLao PDRLesothoLiberiaMalawiMaliMozambiqueNepalNigerSao Tome and PrincipeSenegalSolomon IslandsSudanTanzaniaTuvaluUgandaVanuatu

Overview The overall purpose of this evaluation is to assess the Mothers@Work Programme in the Ready-Made- Garment (RMG) Sector in order to understand document the programme’s implementation and learnings and determine proof of model and scalability. Report Details Year Published 2023 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A Consultant name Rahul Agrawal, Ashish Sinha, Aali Sinha, Siya R., Bahaar Sharma, Yeshi L Naksang Agency Focal Point Bharat Gautam Focal Point Email bgautam@unicef.org Managed by Independent Evaluation Office No Geographic Scope Country Country/ies Bangladesh

Report Details Year Published 2023 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A SDG/s SDG1 - No PovertySDG13 - Climate ActionSDG15 - Life on LandSDG16 - Peace, Justice and Strong InstitutionsSDG2 - Zero HungerSDG4 - Quality EducationSDG8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth Geographic Scope Country Country/ies Bangladesh

Overview This report presents the baseline data for “Enhancing adaptive capacities of coastal communities, especially women, to cope with climate change induced salinity”, a project funded by the Green Climate Fund and implemented by the United Nations Development Programme in Bangladesh. This baseline report provides insights and summary statistics about the socioeconomic situation of project households before project implementation. Report Details Year Published 2023 Type Impact Theme/s Disaster Resilience Joint No Partner/s N/A SDG/s SDG5 - Gender EqualitySDG6 - Clean Water and SanitationSDG13 - Climate Action Agency Focal Point Andreas Reumann Focal Point Email areumann@gcfund.org Managed by Independent Evaluation Office Yes Country/ies Bangladesh

Report Details Year Published 2023 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A SDG/s SDG1 - No PovertySDG13 - Climate ActionSDG15 - Life on LandSDG16 - Peace, Justice and Strong InstitutionsSDG2 - Zero HungerSDG4 - Quality EducationSDG8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth Geographic Scope Country Country/ies Bangladesh

Report Details Year Published 2023 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A SDG/s SDG1 - No PovertySDG13 - Climate ActionSDG15 - Life on LandSDG16 - Peace, Justice and Strong InstitutionsSDG2 - Zero HungerSDG4 - Quality EducationSDG8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth Geographic Scope Country Country/ies Bangladesh

Report Details Year Published 2023 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A Country/ies Bangladesh

Overview While governments, donors and multilateral agencies invest in municipal finance, asset manage-ment has not been a priority, especially among Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Improvements in municipal asset management require sustained engagement and follow-up. The Municipal Asset Management for Sustainable Development in Selected LDCs in Africa and Asia project was approved for implementation under the 11th Tranche of the United Nations Development Account (UNDA) in 2017. Conducted in partnership with the United Nations Capacity Development Fund (UNCDF), the Financing for Sustainable Development Office (FSDO), a division within the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), had the intent of strengthening the capacity of national and local government officials in Bangladesh, Nepal, Tanzania, and Uganda to more effectively and sustainably manage infrastructure assets over their entire lifespan in support of the Sustainable Development Goals. Local governments in the four LDCs were chosen in consultation with the cooperating entities and national governments to ensure the project leveraged existing work of partner agencies and fit well into national sustainable development strategies. Municipal authorities are ultimately responsible for providing basic and essential public goods and services, yet they lack the capacity in asset management and municipal finance. Therefore, the ultimate objective of this project is to improve municipal asset management by helping central and municipal level officials to meet a required level of basic services, in the most cost-effective manner, through the management of physical assets (land, buildings, infrastructure) for present and future customers. To accomplish this objective, the main product from exposure to the principles of lifecycle asset management and portfolio asset management is a customized Asset Management Action Plan (AMAP). Purpose, objectives, & scope The need for an independent evaluation guided the evaluation objective of assessing planned implementation compared to results achieved. The evaluation has the purpose of accountability, learning, and building knowledge to inform the next phase of the project. The key evaluation questions, applied in all four LCDs, adhere to the revised Organisation of Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentDevelopment Assistance Committee evaluation criteria, which are effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, and orientation to impact of the project. This evaluation also examines how the project mainstreamed gender and human rights perspectives in its design and delivery. Report Details Year Published 2023 Type Project/Programme Theme/s Capacity development and technical assistance Joint Yes Partner/s UNCDF SDG/s SDG1 - No PovertySDG11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities Consultant name Tristi Nichols Agency Focal Point Daniel Platz Focal Point Email platz@un.org Managed by Independent Evaluation Office No Geographic Scope Global Country/ies BangladeshNepalTanzaniaUganda

Overview Overview The project under evaluation was approved under the 11th Tranche of the United Nations Development Account in 2017 for implementation over the duration, May 2018 to December 2021, and in 2021 extended to July 31, 2022. The project aimed to help five least developed countries (LDCs): Bangladesh; Bhutan; Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR); Myanmar; and Vanuatu enhance their ability to achieve structural economic and social progress toward and beyond graduation from LDC status. Purpose The primary objective of the evaluation is to undertake an independent assessment of the expected accomplishments of the project and to determine the extent to which the project was relevant, efficient, effective, achieved its expected impact, and whether the results of the project are likely to be sustained now that the project has ended. The primary users of the evaluation will be the two project partners (UNDESA and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD), and the national stakeholders - government officials, private sector, civil society, development and trading partners from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Lao PDR, and Vanuatu in the four beneficiary countries. More broadly the evaluation will be of value to the UNDESA/Capacity Development Programme Management Office (CDPMO), and other key UN agencies that have played an important role in the implementation of the programme (including United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), relevant UN Resident Coordination Offices, and United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UNOHRLLS). Report Details Year Published 2023 Type Project/Programme Theme/s Capacity development and technical assistance Joint Yes Partner/s UNCTAD SDG/s SDG8 - Decent Work and Economic GrowthSDG10 - Reduced InequalitiesSDG17 - Partnerships for the Goals Consultant name Matthew J. Smith Agency Focal Point Roland Mollerus Focal Point Email Mollerus@un.org Managed by Independent Evaluation Office No Geographic Scope Global Country/ies BangladeshBhutanLao PDRMyanmarVanuatu

Overview This is the first project cluster evaluation (PCE) to be conducted by the Independent Office of Evaluation of IFAD. The choice of the topic, rural enterprise development, reflects the focus areas laid out in IFAD’s Strategic Framework 2016-2025, which include diversified rural enterprise and employment opportunities. The PCE reviewed four ongoing projects focusing on rural entrepreneurship, enterprise and business development, and employment creation in Bangladesh, Cameroon, Ghana and Nepal. A main aspect of the project impact related to income diversification as a risk mitigation strategy for the supported entrepreneurs, even if they did not create many jobs for others. One of the main issues highlighted in the PCE is the lack of clarity about how supported enterprises would increase incomes and employment, and for whom. The evaluation also pointed out the need for longitudinal and granular data for assessing project results and impact on different categories of participants, including employment outcomes. The PCE found that technical skills development and technologies were key in improving productivity and production, both on- and off-farm, and consequently the revenues of enterprise activities. However, in some cases, greater synergies with financial services could have facilitated better adoption of technologies. In addition, non-technical aspects such as improved management practices and marketing are also important for upgrading enterprises to promote growth. Report Details Year Published 2023 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A Consultant name D. Loveridge - S. Ahmed - K. Alam - A. Benabdellah- T. Moulendè Fouda - K. Rene Ebua - M. Awenlemai Ayong - E. Senyo Dzandu - G. Barbanente - B. Liesdek Agency Focal Point Fumiko Nakai Focal Point Email f.nakai@ifad.org Managed by Independent Evaluation Office Yes Country/ies BangladeshCameroonGhanaNepal

Overview The overall purpose of this project-level evaluation is to assess suitability of the vision, strategies, and approaches of the programme’s two components: ‘Systems Strengthening and Scaling Up Drinking Water Safety in Bangladesh’ and ‘Sustainable WASH Services to Rohingya and Host Communities in Cox’s Bazar’, which are supported by Embassy of Sweden, of the larger project entitled ‘Water Safety for the Wellbeing of Women and Children in Bangladesh’. The evaluation will build knowledge based on effectiveness of activities actually implemented, based on the original proposals and logframes, and determine what worked well, where, why and under which circumstances. The aim is to learn with the intended purpose of identifying lessons as outlined in the proposal/agreement, in order to make future programming more effective. Report Details Year Published 2022 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A Consultant name Tanvir Ahmed Agency Focal Point Andrea Parks Focal Point Email aparks@unicef.org Managed by Independent Evaluation Office No Geographic Scope Country Country/ies Bangladesh

Report Details Year Published 2022 Type Project/Programme Joint No Partner/s N/A Geographic Scope Country Country/ies Bangladesh