Background: The global push to scale up telemedicine services is challenged by complex, multilevel, multifaceted implementation and a lack of consensus on what the evidence-based essential building blocks of implementation are. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the evidence base supporting telemedicine implementation knowledge tools; identify shared conceptual constructs and outliers; and formulate recommendations to guide the design, development, and optimization of telemedicine services. Methods: We conducted implementation research using a rapid umbrella review, that is, an overview of systematic reviews, in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). In total, we searched 3 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) for studies focusing on telemedicine implementation frameworks, models, and tools, collectively referred to as "knowledge tools." Reviews meeting the operational definition of a systematically undertaken, secondary evidence synthesis, such as systematic and scoping reviews, and those published from January 2018 to May 2024 were considered. A meta-aggregative qualitative analysis was undertaken, comprising inductive thematic synthesis. Results: In total, 18 reviews were selected, encompassing 973 primary studies. Global perspectives were reflected in 61% (n=11) of the reviews, while 33% (n=6) focused on low- and middle-income country contexts. The primary research included in the reviews represented 63 countries, spanning the Americas, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia and the Pacific. Findings indicated substantial heterogeneity across the identified telemedicine implementation theories, models, and frameworks. However, following evidence synthesis, considerable convergence was observed, highlighting a state-of-the-art understanding of the essential requirements for a national telemedicine implementation ecosystem. These were categorized into "process" and "thematic" dimensions. Process dimensions included readiness and needs assessment, road map and planning, managing change, implementing telemedicine services, and continuous improvement and measuring performance. Thematic dimensions covered human and sociocultural aspects; organization, operations, management, and leadership; communication and coordination; policy, legal, and financial considerations; clinical health condition and quality of care; and the wider context. Conclusions: The findings of this study inform a pressing translational research knowledge gap in telemedicine implementation, hindering the implementation of high-quality, sustainable, and scalable telemedicine systems. The study contributes to building global consensus on the state of the art of key constructs in telemedicine implementation and recommends that future research focus on field-testing the evidence-based implementation tools to evaluate their usability and adaptability across diverse telemedicine contexts.

Background: Health Technology Assessment (HTA) is a crucial tool for evaluating the worth and roles of health technologies, and providing evidence-based guidance for their adoption and use. Artificial intelligence (AI) can enhance HTA processes by improving data collection, analysis, and decision-making. This study aims to explore the opportunities and challenges of utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) in health technology assessment (HTA), with a specific focus on economic dimensions. By leveraging AI's capabilities, this research examines how innovative tools and methods can optimize economic evaluation frameworks and enhance decision-making processes within the HTA context. Methods: This study adopted Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review framework and conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. It examined the benefits and challenges of AI integration into HTA, with a focus on economic dimensions. Findings: AI significantly enhances HTA outcomes by driving methodological advancements, improving utility, and fostering healthcare innovation. It enables comprehensive assessments through robust data systems and databases. However, ethical considerations such as biases, transparency, and accountability emphasize the need for deliberate planning and policymaking to ensure responsible integration within the HTA framework. Conclusion: AI applications in HTA have significant potential to enhance health outcomes and decision-making processes. However, the development of robust data management strategies and regulatory frameworks is essential to ensure effective and ethical implementation. Future research should prioritize the establishment of comprehensive frameworks for AI integration, fostering collaboration among stakeholders, and improving data quality and accessibility on an ongoing basis.

Objective: This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of different communication strategies to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake and willingness. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), following recommendations from the Cochrane Handbook and reporting according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline. Data sources: We searched the following databases until 27 July 2022: Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science Core Collection and WHO COVID-19 Global literature. Eligibility criteria for study selection: We included RCTs investigating, any population, communication-based interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake and comparing these with no intervention (with or without placebo), another communication strategy or another type of intervention. Methods: Screening, data extraction and bias assessment, using the Cochrane ROB 1.0 tool, were conducted by two authors independently. We performed meta-analyses if studies were homogeneous using the Review Manager (RevMan 5) software, synthesised the remaining results narratively and assessed the certainty in the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Results: We identified 49 studies reporting on the predefined four categories of communication interventions. Evidence from our meta-analyses shows that COVID-19 vaccine uptake may increase when education and information strategies are applied (risk ratio (RR) 1.23, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.28; high-certainty evidence) or social norms are communicated (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.33; high-certainty evidence) compared with no intervention. The different communication strategies mostly have little to no impact on vaccine intention; however, there may be a slight increase in vaccine confidence when gain framing is applied compared with no intervention. Conclusion: Overall, we found that education and information-based interventions or social norm-framing strategies are most effective compared with no intervention given. Our findings show that some of the investigated communication strategies might influence policy decision-making, and our results could be useful for future pandemics as well. Prospero registration number: PROSPERO (CRD42021296618).

Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of health literacy interventions aimed at reducing sugar and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake among Asian populations and identified the common characteristics of effective interventions through a systematic review of randomised and non-randomised studies. Study design: Systematic review of randomised and non-randomised trials. Methods: A systematic search of five databases identified randomised and non-randomised studies on health literacy interventions aimed at reducing sugar and SSB intake among Asian populations. Screening followed predefined criteria, and data extraction captured the intervention type, delivery, duration, and outcomes. Quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias-2 and ROBINS-I tools for bias, and the findings were synthesised to identify effective intervention traits and research gaps. Results: Of the eight included studies, three were face-to-face educational, one behavioural, one online, one mobile text messaging, and two front-of-pack (FOP) labelling interventions. Six out of eight studies measured sugar intake, with four assessing SSB intake. Seven studies reported significant dietary improvements. Overall, bias risk was present, with three rated high. Significant inconsistencies in the two studies were further explored. Conclusion: The effectiveness of health literacy interventions in reducing sugar or sugar-sweetened beverage intake was positive, particularly for face-to-face interventions and FOP labels. Available evidence may inform policymaking for the implementation of health promotion for disease prevention and complement standards of care practices for disease management.

Background: Telehealth technologies can enhance patients' and their families' access to high-quality resources in home-based palliative care. Nurses are deeply involved in delivering telehealth in home-based palliative care. However, no previous integrative systematic reviews have synthesized evidence on nurses' roles, facilitators, and barriers to implementing nurse-delivered telehealth in home-based palliative care. Objective: This integrative systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the roles of nurses and the multilevel facilitators and barriers to implementing nurse-delivered telehealth in home-based palliative care, which could inform future policy development, research, and clinical practice. Methods: This integrative systematic review was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute methodological guidance. We followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. We systematically searched articles published from January 1, 2014, to May 2024 in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library. We included English-language; peer-reviewed; original; and qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies that centered on nurse-delivered telehealth in home-based palliative care. We used the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool to assess the quality of the included articles. Furthermore, 3 authors independently assessed eligibility, extracted data, and assessed the quality of articles. The entities to extract were identified by research questions of interest regardless of the type of study. We applied a convergent synthesis approach to integrate quantitative and qualitative data. Guided by the updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) 2.0, we synthesized the facilitators and barriers to implementing nurse-delivered telehealth in home-based palliative care. Results: This integrative systematic review identified 4819 unique articles, including 34 papers encompassing 29 unique primary research studies. Innovations were mainly delivered by nurses (n=8) and nurse-involved multiprofessional teams (n=18). The roles of nurses in telehealth home-based palliative care involve palliative care nurses, community nurses, nurse coordinators, nurse coaches or nurse navigators, and nurse case managers. Guided by CFIR 2.0, facilitators and barriers to implementing nurse-delivered, telehealth, home-based palliative care were identified to 6 implementation levels and 20 constructs. The key facilitators included the COVID-19 pandemic, cost avoidance to the health care system, engagement of patients and their family caregivers, and so on. The barriers included a lack of reimbursement and payment mechanisms, technical problems, insufficiently trained health care providers, and so on. Conclusions: This integrative systematic review synthesizes evidence on nurses' evolving roles in telehealth home-based palliative care and identifies multilevel facilitators and barriers to nurse-delivered, home-based palliative care implementation. With the empowerment of telehealth technologies, nurses could establish a stronger professional identity and develop leadership in home-based palliative care. Nurses should leverage influence to promote nursing practice, clinical management, and policy support in the implementation of telehealth home-based palliative care. Trial registration: PROSPERO CRD42024541038; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024541038.

Objectives: Considering the growing inter of biobanks, artificial intelligence (AI) and omics research, and their critical impact on public health, this study aimed to explore the current and future public health implications and challenges of AI and omics-driven innovations in biobanking. Study design: Narrative literature review. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and IEEExplore databases using relevant search terms. Additional references were identified through backward and forward citation chaining. Key themes were aggregated and analysed through thematic analysis. Results: Thirty-seven studies were selected for analysis, leading to the identification and categorisation of key developments. Several key technical, ethical and implementation challenges were also identified, including AI model selection, data accessibility, variability and quality issues, lack of robust and standardised validation methods, explainability, accountability, lack of transparency, algorithmic bias, privacy, security and fairness issues, and governance model selection. Based on these results, potential future scenarios of AI and omics integration in biobanking and their related public health implications were considered. Conclusions: While AI and omics-driven innovations in biobanking offer specific transformative public health benefits, addressing their technical, ethical and implementation challenges is crucial. Robust regulatory frameworks, feasible governance models, access to quality data, interdisciplinary collaboration, and transparent and validated AI systems are essential to maximise benefits and mitigate risks. Further research and policy development are needed to support the responsible integration of these technologies in biobanking and public health.

Background: Essential services ensure the health, safety, and well-being of individuals and their communities. However, there is currently a lack of consensus on what constitutes an essential service in Australia. This gap hinders a detailed spatial understanding of essential service provision, access, and influence on populations. This systematic review critically assessed the literature on essential services and their impact on quality of life to understand service definitions and their relative contributions to quality of life. Methods: A systematic search of ten databases was undertaken following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology. Five criteria were established for the inclusion of studies: (i) major developed economies, (ii) defined essential service and focus on spatial access, (iii) quality of life outcome, (iv) peer-reviewed, and (v) published between 2000 and 2024. Results: From 1,473 unique records, seven studies met the inclusion criteria, with studies from Europe, Asia-Pacific, and North America. Across the studies, services were characterised based on their primary function and contributions to quality of life. Service categories included food, retail, personal services, health, education, culture and recreation, and faith-based services. Despite demographic and scale variations, services that fostered social connection and a sense of place showed the highest positive impact on quality of life. Conclusions: Findings indicate limited and inconsistent evidence on essential service measures and their relationship with quality of life. The persistent lack of justification for classifying services as essential in research hinders definitive conclusions about which services most effectively enhance quality of life. Future research should adopt standardised, validated measures, and address representation gaps across diverse populations and regions. This work is fundamental for developing a validated set of essential services, to improve national modelling of geographic access and inform policy, decision-making, and understanding of how access to services influences quality of life.

Background As hospitals expand their roles within transforming health systems, their governance structures must adapt to changing demands, with novel leadership structures evolving to meet new challenges. Objective This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the evidence of the influence of hospital C-level positions on key organisational performance parameters. It maps key concepts from the existing literature relating to hospital performance and leadership and identifies mediators and moderators of top management team impacts based on the Upper-Echelons-Theory. Methods The scoping review was conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews, covering studies from 1990 to the present. Eligible studies addressed at least one identifiable hospital C-Suite role and one hospital-wide leadership effect. Results Out of 5,430 articles identified, 60 were included. The analysis covers seven distinct C-Suite roles and their effects on six performance dimensions: quality of care, structural quality, patient satisfaction, work satisfaction, financial performance, and process efficiency. Conclusions The findings suggest that the influence of C-Suite positions on hospital performance is multifaceted, with the Chief Executive Officer's influence extending beyond financial performance to shaping the quality of care. Additionally, the impact of newer roles such as the Chief Quality Officer, as well as leadership roles like the Chief Medical Officer and Chief Nursing Officer, appear to depend on a collaborative approach and alignment with the Chief Executive Officer. From a policy perspective, the findings emphasise that hospital governance, shaped by regulations, determines key performance indicators and strategic priorities.

Background: Electrophysiology (EP) procedures, including cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) and ablations, are widely used to manage arrhythmias and heart failure. These interventions, though effective, require substantial resources, prompting the need for systematic economic evaluations to inform healthcare decision-making. Methods: A systematic review of studies from 2007 to 2024 was conducted in two phases. Phase one assessed trends in economic evaluations of EP procedures, analyzing 129 studies across regions and timeframes. Phase two focused on cost-effectiveness analyses of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators (CRT-Ds), and atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, examining outcomes like quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), while identifying factors influencing economic results. Results: EP procedures generally demonstrated favorable cost-effectiveness, particularly in high-income regions. Studies on ICDs and CRT-Ds consistently supported their economic value for patients with arrhythmias or heart failure, while AF ablation showed potential for long-term benefits, particularly when compared to medical therapies. However, results varied by region, reflecting differences in healthcare systems, costs, and patient populations. Conclusions: The review highlights the overall cost-effectiveness of EP procedures in many settings but underscores the need for tailored economic evaluations in low- and middle-income countries. Simplified methodologies and greater attention to regional contexts are recommended to guide resource allocation and policy development globally.

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) registries capture important information in high-burden health domains to support improvement in health outcomes, although a number of unanswered questions persist, as follows. 1) Do CF registries utilise implementation science strategies to improve patient outcomes? 2) Which implementation strategies have been engaged? 3) Has the engagement of these strategies been effective in improving clinical outcomes? Methods: We undertook a systematic review to exploring the use of implementation science strategies by CF registries for healthcare improvement. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Emcare and Web of Science databases for use of Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) implementations and use of the Knowledge to Action framework for improvement. We used the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions tool for risk-of-bias assessment. Results: 1974 citations were identified and 12 studies included. Included studies described 45 ERIC implementation strategies from nine categories. Strategies included "use evaluative and iterative strategies" (n=9) and "develop stakeholder interrelationships" (n=10). Least-used strategies were "utilise financial strategies" (n=1), "support clinicians" category (n=3) and "provide interactive assistance" (n=2). All 12 studies utilised monitoring of knowledge use, and assessing barriers and facilitators of knowledge use. Only seven studies utilised mechanisms to sustain knowledge use. Discussion: Reported studies describe significant benefits in important CF outcomes for people with CF reported at site-specific and population levels. Studies highlighted the importance of governance, leadership, patient and family engagement, multidisciplinary engagement, quality improvement, data and analytics and research. The ready availability of clinical performance data feedback to clinicians and patients by CF registries is likely to strengthen the effectiveness of CF registries in driving healthcare improvement within a learning health system.

Social media can be an important source of clinical neuroscience information for healthcare users (e.g., patients, healthcare providers, the general public). This systematic review synthesized evidence on the effectiveness of social media strategies in translating knowledge and disseminating clinical neuroscience information to healthcare users. A systematic review of six electronic databases up to July 29, 2024 was conducted. Original, peer-reviewed articles examining the effectiveness of YouTube, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, social media messaging apps, or a combination of these platforms in translating clinical neuroscience information to healthcare users (e.g., patients, healthcare providers, caregivers, and the general public) were eligible for inclusion. Several proxies (e.g., change in uptake of research, change in awareness, change in knowledge, change in understanding, behaviour change, and/or change in social media metrics) were considered as outcomes of knowledge translation (KT) effectiveness. Two independent reviewers screened articles and assessed risk of bias. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021269034). A total of six studies were included in this review. The included studies used YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, or a combination of social media platforms aimed at healthcare users. Most social media strategies used to disseminate clinical neuroscience information in the included studies (N = 5/6) resulted in improved indicators of KT. However, due to the high risk of bias among the included studies, these results must be interpreted with caution. Disseminating clinical neuroscience information via Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, or a combination of these platforms may achieve the goals of KT. However, there is currently a gap in the literature about clinical neuroscience KT via social media, both in the quantity of studies and quality of evidence. Future research should aim to minimize the risk of bias by controlling for important confounding factors and use objective measures of KT to complement subjective measures.

Objective: By studying the Technology-Organization-Environment Framework (TOE), this research explores the impact of various indicators in technology, organization, and environment on the performance of family doctor services during major public health emergencies. It aims to identify the driving paths to improve performance. Methods: A stratified sampling of 34 community health service centers in Shanghai was conducted, using the comprehensive performance score of family doctors as the outcome variable. The Average Internet Medical Service Person-times and the Information Technology Expenditure per Thousand Population were considered as technology-related variables. The Fiscal Allocation per Thousand Population (/1,000), the Family Doctor Team Members per Thousand Population, and the Medical Social Workers and Volunteers per Thousand Population were identified as organization-related variables. The Proportion of Older Adult Population, Fiscal Allocation per Thousand Population, and the number of patient self-education organizations per thousand population were taken as environment-related variables. Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) was employed to conduct necessity analysis, truth table analysis, and configurational analysis of antecedent conditions, with robustness tests performed by adjusting consistency thresholds and case frequencies. Results: The study found that the performance of family doctor services was influenced by multiple factors, with no single decisive factor. In overall communities, five configurations, including per capita fiscal allocation and community participation, affected performance, explaining 4.2% of the variance. In central urban areas, information technology expenditure and the Proportion of Older Adult Population were core conditions, influencing 27.5% of performance paths. In non-central urban areas, core conditions such as financial support and IT covered 53.9% of data cases. The fsQCA results, which were robustly tested, begin to provide a strong basis for resource allocation and policy formulation. Conclusion: This study begins to fill the gap in research on family doctor service performance during major public health emergencies, exploring the synergistic effects and causal asymmetry among multiple indicators such as technology, organization, and environment from a holistic, or configurational, perspective.

Aims: The World Health Organization (WHO) Health Emergency Programme funded three systematic reviews to inform development of guidance for emergency preparedness in health emergencies. The current review investigated the type of learning interventions that have been developed and used during health emergencies, and how they were developed. Methods: We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Communication and Mass Media Complete (EBSCO), and Web of Science. Study quality was appraised by WHO-recommended method-specific checklists. Findings were extracted using a narrative summary approach. Results: 187 studies were included. Studies were split between online, in-person, and hybrid modalities, conducted mostly by hospitals and universities, and most frequently training nurses and doctors. Studies emphasized experiential learning to develop and reinforce skills; online learning for knowledge dissemination; multi-sectoral partnerships, institutional support and carefully constructed planning task forces, rapid training development and dissemination, and use of training models. Conclusion: It Most studies evaluated only knowledge or self-confidence of trainees. Relatively few assessed skills; evaluations of long-term outcomes were rare. Little evidence is available about comparative effectiveness of different approaches, or optimum frequency and length of training programming. Based on principles induced, six recommendations for future JIT training are presented.

摘要：目的 探讨与敌草快(diquat,DQ)急性中毒患者预后有关的影响因素,为辨别预测效能高、可靠性稳定的预后指标,合理诊疗急性DQ中毒患者提供循证依据.方法 以"敌草快""中毒""危险因素""预后""影响因素"等中文及相应的英文检索词为主题词或自由词,检索中国知网、万方医学网、维普数据库、中国优秀硕士学术论文全文数据库、中国生物医学数据库、PubMed、Embase、Web of science、The Cochrane Library等数据库截至2024年1月1日收录的相关文献,依据纳入排除标准提取数据资料,并评价文献的质量;应用R软件,对急性敌草快中毒患者预后影响因素进行meta分析.结果 初步检索到759篇文献,最终纳入11篇文献,其中英文文献2篇,中文文献9篇,均来自中国,且均为高质量文献.纳入759例急性DQ中毒患者,其中死亡组296例,存活组463例.依据加尔布雷斯图结果、敏感性分析结果,剔...

目的 评估身体活动对肥胖和超重儿童青少年身体健康、心理健康以及身体活动相关的健康行为的效益。方法 遵循PRISMA指南，系统性检索Web of Science、PubMed、Scopus、PsycINFO、Cochrane Library和中国知网中2016年至2024年间发表在科学引文索引Q4区及以上期刊的系统综述或Meta分析，内容涵盖身体活动或运动干预对6～18岁肥胖或超重儿童和青少年身体或心理健康的影响。采用AMSTAR 2工具对纳入文献进行质量评估，对中高水平质量文献进行系统综述。结果 共纳入8篇系统综述和Meta分析，涉及24 567例儿童和青少年，其中6篇为高质量，2篇为中等质量。在身体健康方面，结合有氧和阻力训练的复合运动干预在降低体质量指数(BMI)和体脂率方面表现最佳。每次60 min以上、每周3次、持续12周或更长时间的中、高强度运动干预可以显著降低肥胖和超重儿童的BMI和体脂率，且能提升心肺耐力和肌肉力量。在心理健康方面，身体活动对缓解儿童青少年抑郁和焦虑、提升自尊心具有积极效果。特别是舞蹈、户外探险活动和团队运动对改善儿童青少年的社交能力和情绪状态具有显著作用...

目的 评估身体活动对肥胖和超重儿童青少年身体健康、心理健康以及身体活动相关的健康行为的效益。方法 遵循PRISMA指南，系统性检索Web of Science、PubMed、Scopus、PsycINFO、Cochrane Library和中国知网中2016年至2024年间发表在科学引文索引Q4区及以上期刊的系统综述或Meta分析，内容涵盖身体活动或运动干预对6～18岁肥胖或超重儿童和青少年身体或心理健康的影响。采用AMSTAR 2工具对纳入文献进行质量评估，对中高水平质量文献进行系统综述。结果 共纳入8篇系统综述和Meta分析，涉及24 567例儿童和青少年，其中6篇为高质量，2篇为中等质量。在身体健康方面，结合有氧和阻力训练的复合运动干预在降低体质量指数(BMI)和体脂率方面表现最佳。每次60 min以上、每周3次、持续12周或更长时间的中、高强度运动干预可以显著降低肥胖和超重儿童的BMI和体脂率，且能提升心肺耐力和肌肉力量。在心理健康方面，身体活动对缓解儿童青少年抑郁和焦虑、提升自尊心具有积极效果。特别是舞蹈、户外探险活动和团队运动对改善儿童青少年的社交能力和情绪状态具有显著作用...

Background: Understanding the effects of climate change on health outcomes is crucial for effective policy formulation and intervention strategies. However, in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, like Bangladesh, the true extent of these effects remains unexplored due to data scarcity. This study aims to assess available evidence on climate change-related health outcomes in Bangladesh, to compare it with actual national occurrences, and to explore challenges related to climate change and health data. Methods: We first conducted a systematic review to summarize the climate-sensitive diseases examined in existing literature in Bangladesh. The review results were then compared with over 2.8 million samples from the government's data repository, representing reported cases of climate-sensitive diseases during 2017-2022. This comparison aimed to identify discrepancies between the diseases currently occurring in Bangladesh related to climate change and available knowledge through existing research. Additionally, we also explored the limitations of the data recorded in the government data repository. Results: The available literature in Bangladesh reports only a few specific climate-sensitive diseases, including Diarrhea, Dengue, Cholera, Malaria, Pneumonia, Cardiovascular Diseases, Hypertension, Urinary-Tract Infections, and Malnutrition, which were also considered in few studies. This represents a segment of the total 510 reported climate-sensitive diseases in Bangladesh, of which 143 diseases were responsible for 90.66% of the total occurrences. The most common forms of diseases were diarrhea and gastroenteritis of presumed infectious (28.51%), pneumonia (18.88%), anxiety disorders, panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorders (13.2%), and others (13.15%). Additionally, Urinary-Tract infections (7.87%), cholera (3.03%), and typhoid fever (3.27%) were other frequently reported climate-sensitive diseases. We also explored several challenges related to available data in the government repository, which include inadequate collection of patients' comprehensive socio-demographic information and the absence of a unique patient identifier. Conclusion: The findings underscore the urgent need to tackle data challenges in understanding climate-sensitive diseases in Bangladesh. Policies and programs are required to prioritize the digitalization of the healthcare system and implement a unique patient identification number to facilitate accurate tracking and analysis of health data. Climate Change, including rising temperature and extreme weather events like cyclone and floods, poses a significant global health threat [1]. The World Health Organization estimates climate change already causes at least 150,000 deaths annually at the global level, and that number is projected to double by 2030. Beside these other impact of climate change are far-reaching, leading to forced displacement, malnutrition and increased incidence of diseases such as dengue, diarrhea, and pneumonia [2]. Additionally, climate change has established links to mental health issues, like anxiety and depression [3]. The effects are particularly severe in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) due to limited resources and inadequate infrastructure for coping with erratic weather and disasters [4]. We undertook a comprehensive mixed-method study, incorporating a systematic review of existing studies conducted in Bangladesh, along with an analysis of government data repository. A detailed description of each component is presented below.

Background: Head nurses face challenging job content while executing their roles as nurses, managers and leaders. However, no European compilation for portraying head nurses' job content within a hospital setting is available. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and validate a compilation that portrays the job content of head nurses employed in European hospitals. Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) five-stage framework. Articles focusing on the job content of head nurses with 24-h first-line organizational and hierarchical responsibility for one or two units in a hospital setting were included. An electronic search was performed via PubMed, CINAHL and Embase. The Journal of Nursing Administration, Journal of Nursing Management, Journal of Healthcare Management and Nursing Management were screened manually to identify additional articles. Subsequently, a two-round multinational Delphi study following the methodology of Yussof (2019) was carried out. Eligible opinion leaders originated from Europe and included head nurses, as well as second-line nurse managers and hospital executives with head nurse experience. Twenty-three opinion leaders participated in the first round of the Delphi study, and 16 opinion leaders from the initial round subsequently participated in the second round. The item-level content validity index and scale-level content validity index based on the average method were calculated. Results: The scoping review included 90 articles published between 1934 and 2024. In total, 64 terms were found to name the head nurse position. Job content could be categorized according to four main themes: operational management, patient care, human resources management and unit-level policy development. Fifteen subthemes were determined, namely quality and safety management, staff planning, administrative and financial management, resource and technology management, care planning, direct and indirect patient care, individual and general staff management, learning opportunities, strategic management, creative thinking, and change management. After two Delphi rounds, the final compilation comprises four main themes, 10 subthemes and 53 task descriptions, excluding staff planning, care planning, direct patient care, administrative management and financial management. Conclusions: Head nurses' job content mapped by international evidence differs from the job content considered relevant by European opinion leaders. Fragmentation in what European opinion leaders considered relevant within the head nurses' job content became apparent. The compilation can be tailored to different countries or types of hospitals and serve as a guide for second-line nurse managers and hospital executives to determine the key job content based on the priorities and strategic direction of the hospital.

Background: Health Impact Assessment (HIA) procedures can include the assessment of inequalities and inequities associated with the distribution of environmental health risks and benefits, aimed at attenuating the exacerbation of environmental health disparities. This systematic review, conducted as part of the Joint Action Prevent Non-Communicable Diseases initiative, explores methods for assessing health inequalities and equity within HIA frameworks, particularly in local projects affecting the distribution of environmental risks and benefits. Methods: Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted using the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases, searching until March 8, 2024. Furthermore, a grey literature analysis encompassed the Institutional Repository for Information Sharing (IRIS) of the World Health Organization, to identify guidelines and recommendations addressing equity considerations in HIAs. Studies were included based on predefined eligibility criteria if they explored issues related to inequalities, inequities, and vulnerabilities within the context of HIAs. Data extraction focused on methodologies that incorporated equity considerations within the HIA framework, particularly concerning local urban planning initiatives, transport infrastructure, and industrial settings. Results: A total of 33 studies met the inclusion criteria. Among these, eight documents from the grey literature, identified as guidelines and guidance, underscored the importance of prioritizing equity to ensure that health impacts are addressed fairly across diverse population groups. The remaining 25 peer-reviewed studies employed a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Quantitative approaches, including exposure-response modeling and Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping, were utilized to evaluate spatial and demographic health disparities. Qualitative methods, such as focus groups, interviews, and participatory tools, provided insights into the lived experiences of vulnerable populations affected by local interventions. Studies addressing urban and transportation planning predominantly emphasized socioeconomic stratification, whereas those focused on industrial settings highlighted occupational hazards and community vulnerabilities. Conclusion: This review highlights the diverse and fragmented approaches used to address health inequalities and equity in HIA. It underscores the need for interdisciplinary and systematic methodologies that integrate quantitative and qualitative perspectives, ensuring equity remains a central consideration in policymaking and project implementation. Finally, it proposes a practical framework for integrating equity into HIA.

目的 系统评价基于格林模式的健康教育对脑卒中患者的干预效果。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane library、Web of Science、中国知网、维普数据库、万方数据库和中国生物医学文献数据库，检索格林模式健康教育对脑卒中患者干预效果影响的随机对照试验，时限为建库～2023年11月20日。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、资料提取和文献质量评价。采用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入11篇文献，包括982例患者。Meta分析结果显示，与传统健康教育相比，格林模式的健康教育能有效改善脑卒中患者的整体健康行为水平（自我实现、健康责任、锻炼依从性、营养、人际关系、压力应对）、肢体运动功能、神经功能和自我感受负担。但在提升脑卒中患者日常生活能力方面，两组间未见显著差异。此外，根据亚组分析结果显示，干预时间≥6个月时，试验组锻炼依从性与对照组之间比较无明显差异[SMD=1.590,95%CI(-0.380,3.570),P=0.110]。结论 格林模式的健康教育有助于改善脑卒中患者整体健康行为水平，促进患者身体功能恢复和提升其生活质量。