Background Despite Australia’s universal health insurance scheme, Medicare, out-of-pocket costs (OOPC) for health care comprises 14 % of total health expenditure. People with chronic conditions spend a greater proportion of their incomes on health care than people without a chronic condition. Objective To review the qualitative literature examining experiences of OOPC of out-of-hospital care by people with chronic conditions and to discuss this in relation to current Australian health policy. Methods Systematic review and narrative synthesis of the qualitative literature examining OOPC for people with chronic conditions in Australia. Search: Pubmed, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO and EconLit databases from 1999 to 10th April 2025. Results 37 studies met the inclusion criteria. Reduced or lost employment due to ill-health led to income loss, aggravating the financial burden of health management. While many people were able to access bulk-billing general practitioners, challenges in affording upfront and copayments for medical and allied health consultations, and medication costs were reported. Cost was the greatest barrier to accessing dental care. Trade-offs were described between health management and meeting basic living needs, particularly for people who earned too much to qualify for government welfare payments. Conclusion While Australian health policies effectively reduce the financial burden of health care for many people, distinct challenges exist for groups ineligible for concessional thresholds. Future research to identify the priorities and preferences of people with chronic conditions can further inform policy to improve the equity of health financing in Australia.

Background: Cancer is a growing public health concern in Africa and Asia, where access to effective healthcare and resources is often limited. There is an urgent need for evidence-based cancer control policies in Africa and Asia, along with systems for prevention, early detection, diagnosis and treatment, and palliative care. This emerging issue has garnered growing interest from international institutions but there has been little visible action, and the existing knowledge remains scattered and fragmented. This scoping review aims to explore the breadth and scope of evidence regarding knowledge transfer interventions to enhance cancer care in Africa and Asia. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of Embase, Emcare, ERIC, APA PsycInfo, Medline, and Google Scholar, supplemented by expert bibliographies and references. Peer-reviewed empirical studies in English or French from January 1978 to September 2024 were included. Data were organised using the AIMD (Aims, Ingredients, Mechanism & Delivery) framework. Study quality was presented using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results: The scoping review examined seven articles providing evidence on five unique interventions. The interventions included target both decision-makers and health professionals and aim to strengthen evidence-based cancer control policies and implementation strategies. The interventions documented have all been initiated by external actors, mainly international institutions or researchers from high-income countries, in collaboration with African and Asian stakeholders. In addition, some researchers have been involved in participatory research projects designed to enable decision-makers to implement evidence-based cancer control policies and programmes. Conclusions: This scoping review highlights a critical lack of evidence on knowledge transfer interventions in cancer care across Africa and Asia, partly due to limited funding for non-communicable diseases. It calls for the integration of knowledge transfer components into all cancer research and interventions, supported by robust evaluation strategies, to develop evidence-based, economically feasible, and culturally appropriate policies, guidelines and interventions that can be used in nations with limited healthcare resources to improve cancer outcomes.

目的 评估身体活动对肥胖和超重儿童青少年身体健康、心理健康以及身体活动相关的健康行为的效益。方法 遵循PRISMA指南，系统性检索Web of Science、PubMed、Scopus、PsycINFO、Cochrane Library和中国知网中2016年至2024年间发表在科学引文索引Q4区及以上期刊的系统综述或Meta分析，内容涵盖身体活动或运动干预对6～18岁肥胖或超重儿童和青少年身体或心理健康的影响。采用AMSTAR 2工具对纳入文献进行质量评估，对中高水平质量文献进行系统综述。结果 共纳入8篇系统综述和Meta分析，涉及24 567例儿童和青少年，其中6篇为高质量，2篇为中等质量。在身体健康方面，结合有氧和阻力训练的复合运动干预在降低体质量指数(BMI)和体脂率方面表现最佳。每次60 min以上、每周3次、持续12周或更长时间的中、高强度运动干预可以显著降低肥胖和超重儿童的BMI和体脂率，且能提升心肺耐力和肌肉力量。在心理健康方面，身体活动对缓解儿童青少年抑郁和焦虑、提升自尊心具有积极效果。特别是舞蹈、户外探险活动和团队运动对改善儿童青少年的社交能力和情绪状态具有显著作用...

目的 系统评价基于格林模式的健康教育对脑卒中患者的干预效果。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane library、Web of Science、中国知网、维普数据库、万方数据库和中国生物医学文献数据库，检索格林模式健康教育对脑卒中患者干预效果影响的随机对照试验，时限为建库～2023年11月20日。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、资料提取和文献质量评价。采用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入11篇文献，包括982例患者。Meta分析结果显示，与传统健康教育相比，格林模式的健康教育能有效改善脑卒中患者的整体健康行为水平（自我实现、健康责任、锻炼依从性、营养、人际关系、压力应对）、肢体运动功能、神经功能和自我感受负担。但在提升脑卒中患者日常生活能力方面，两组间未见显著差异。此外，根据亚组分析结果显示，干预时间≥6个月时，试验组锻炼依从性与对照组之间比较无明显差异[SMD=1.590,95%CI(-0.380,3.570),P=0.110]。结论 格林模式的健康教育有助于改善脑卒中患者整体健康行为水平，促进患者身体功能恢复和提升其生活质量。

目的 检索汇总并评价成人代谢相关脂肪性肝病（metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD）营养管理的相关最佳证据，为临床实践提供参考。方法 依据“6S”模型自上而下系统检索美国国家指南库，英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所网站，国际指南协作网，医脉通；美国肝病研究学会，欧洲肝病研究协会，亚太肝病学会，美国临床内分泌学会，意大利肝病协会，欧洲临床营养与代谢学会，美国肠外肠内营养学会，BMJ Best Practice,UpToDate，乔安娜·布里格斯研究所（Joanna Briggs Institute,JBI）循证卫生保健中心数据库，PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,Embase,CINAHL，中国知网，维普，万方，中国生物医学文献服务系统。文献包括成人MAFLD营养管理相关指南、推荐实践、专家共识、系统评价、证据总结。检索时限为建库至2024年3月1日。由2名研究者独立进行文献质量评价和资料提取，并形成最佳证据。结果 共纳入文献24篇，从评估与目标、膳食模式、饮食结构、膳食...

目的：检索、评价并总结终末期肝病病人营养管理的最佳证据，为临床应用提供参考。方法：根据“6S”证据模型，自上而下检索数据库中有关终末期病人术后营养管理的临床决策、指南、专业共识、系统评价和原始研究等证据。由4名研究者对文献的方法学质量进行独立评价，并根据主题提取和汇总证据。结果：共纳入文献23篇，包括指南及专家共识5篇、系统评价及Meta分析6篇，随机对照试验12篇，从多学科营养管理、营养筛查与评估、营养物质推荐量、营养支持与评价、健康教育5个维度汇总30条证据。结论：总结了终末期肝病病人营养管理的最佳证据，建议临床人员结合医疗情境及病人自身情况等制订符合个体化营养管理方案。

目的 系统评价不同干预措施对慢性阻塞性肺病（以下简称“慢阻肺”）的疾病负担情况。方法 计算机检索CNKI、VIP、WanFang Data、PubMed、Web of Science和Cochrane Library等数据库，搜集慢阻肺疾病负担相关的随机对照试验（RCT），检索时限均从建库至2023年10月。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后，采用Stata 16软件和R语言进行网状Meta分析。结果 最终纳入69个RCT，包括6 689例患者，涉及常规治疗、无创正压通气治疗、有创通气治疗、营养支持方案等26项干预措施，偏倚风险评估均为“风险未知”。网状Meta分析结果显示，和有创通气治疗相比，无创正压通气治疗[SMD=-3.84,95%CI（-5.16，-2.52）]和二陈止咳清肺颗粒[SMD=-3.04,95%CI（-5.89，-0.20）]能够降低慢阻肺患者的住院经济费用，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。健脾益肺冲剂、咪达唑仑、目标氧疗、无创正压通气治疗和营养支持方案对降低慢阻肺患者死亡率的效果优于常规治疗[RR=4.50,95%CI(1.02,...

目的 总结糖尿病前期人群生活方式管理的最佳证据，为医护人员对糖尿病前期人群生活方式干预提供参考。方法 应用循证护理方法，对国内外循证资源和文献数据库进行检索，对符合质量评价的文献，由2名研究者独立对证据进行提取并总结出最佳证据。结果 最终纳入16篇文献，包括2篇指南、6篇专家共识、6篇系统评价、2篇证据总结。共提炼出生活方式干预目标、体质量管理、饮食管理、运动管理、健康教育、睡眠管理、社会支持、定期随访8个主题共30条证据。结论 本研究总结的最佳证据可为医护人员、患者及家属对糖尿病前期人群生活方式管理提供参考。在证据转化过程中应充分考虑个体的差异性，为目标人群制订个体化的生活干预方案。

目的 采用健康测量工具选择的共识标准(COSMIN)对高血压健康促进行为的评估工具进行系统评价。方法 计算机检索Embase、Web of Science、PubMed、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献服务系统、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台中关于高血压健康促进行为评估工具的开发、信效度检验的文献，检索时限为建库至2024-05-25。由两名研究生独立进行文献筛选与资料提取。采用COSMIN偏倚风险评价清单评价纳入评估工具的方法学质量，根据COSMIN质量准则评价纳入评估工具的测量学属性质量。应用改良版定量系统评价证据分级(GRADE)方法评价证据等级，根据测量学属性质量评价结果及证据等级确定评估工具的推荐级别。结果 最终纳入文献14篇，共涉及14个高血压健康促进行为评估工具，其中运动行为改变评定量表(MCPAQ)、高血压患者限盐饮食行为改变评定量表(MCRSDH)、运动决策平衡修订量表(DBS)、中文版高血压自我护理量表(HBPSCP)、高血压自我护理量表(HTN-SCP)、健康促进生活方式量表-Ⅱ(HPLP-Ⅱ)中文版为高血压健康促进行为评估工具在不同国家的跨文化...

目的 采用健康测量工具选择的共识标准(COSMIN)对高血压健康促进行为的评估工具进行系统评价。方法 计算机检索Embase、Web of Science、PubMed、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献服务系统、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台中关于高血压健康促进行为评估工具的开发、信效度检验的文献，检索时限为建库至2024-05-25。由两名研究生独立进行文献筛选与资料提取。采用COSMIN偏倚风险评价清单评价纳入评估工具的方法学质量，根据COSMIN质量准则评价纳入评估工具的测量学属性质量。应用改良版定量系统评价证据分级(GRADE)方法评价证据等级，根据测量学属性质量评价结果及证据等级确定评估工具的推荐级别。结果 最终纳入文献14篇，共涉及14个高血压健康促进行为评估工具，其中运动行为改变评定量表(MCPAQ)、高血压患者限盐饮食行为改变评定量表(MCRSDH)、运动决策平衡修订量表(DBS)、中文版高血压自我护理量表(HBPSCP)、高血压自我护理量表(HTN-SCP)、健康促进生活方式量表-Ⅱ(HPLP-Ⅱ)中文版为高血压健康促进行为评估工具在不同国家的跨文化...

目的 系统检索和总结国内外关于乳腺癌患者出院计划的最佳证据，为临床实践提供循证依据。方法 系统检索Up To Date、BMJ Best Practice、国际指南协作网、英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所、美国国立指南库、苏格兰院际间指南网、加拿大医学会临床实践指南信息库、澳大利亚临床实践指南平台、新西兰临床指南网站、美国临床肿瘤学会、加拿大安大略省注册护士协会、美国国立综合癌症网络、澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所卫生保健数据库、Cochrane Library、Embase、CINAHL、PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普数据库、万方数据知识服务平台、中华护理学会、中国临床肿瘤学会及医脉通中有关乳腺癌患者出院计划的临床决策、指南、证据总结、系统评价、专家共识和意见，检索时限为建库至2024年6月10日。由2名研究者独立进行文献质量评价、证据提取和整合。结果 共纳入10篇文献，其中临床决策2篇、指南2篇、系统评价4篇、证据总结2篇。共总结30条证据，包括5个主题，分别是早期评估、制定计划、健康教育、执行计划及追踪与评价。结论 该研究针对乳腺癌患...

There is growing concern about the concept that exposure to environmental chemicals may be contributing to the obesity epidemic. However, there is no consensus on the obesogenic effects of emerging contaminants from a toxicological and environmental perspective. The potential human exposure and experimental evidence for obesogenic effects of emerging contaminants need to be systematically discussed. The main objective of this review is to provide recommendations for further subsequent policy development following a critical analysis of the literature for humans and experimental animals exposed to emerging contaminants. This article reviews human exposure to emerging contaminants (with a focus on antimicrobials, preservatives, water and oil repellents, flame retardants, antibiotics and bisphenols) and the impact of emerging contaminants on obesity. These emerging contaminants have been widely detected in human biological samples. Epidemiological studies provide evidence linking exposure to emerging contaminants to the risks of obesity in humans. Studies based on animal models and adipose cells show the obesogenic effects of emerging contaminants and identify modes of action by which contaminants may induce changes in body fat accumulation and lipid metabolic homeostasis. Some knowledge gaps in this area and future directions for further investigation are discussed.

Rationale: Despite growing emphasis among healthcare decision-makers on patient perspectives and real-world outcomes to inform care and access decisions, understanding of patient journey experiences in rare diseases remains limited due to data collection and evaluation challenges. Aims and objectives: This systematic literature review (SLR) assessed study designs, methodologies, and outcomes reported in real-world investigations of rare disease patient journeys. Methods: Searches in PubMed and Google Scholar targeted English-language publications and congress proceedings from 1 January 2014, to 30 April 2024, including rare disease patients, caregivers, or healthcare providers. Keywords included 'Journey', 'Path', or 'Odyssey'. Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility and abstracted data. Descriptive analyses and quality assessments were conducted. Results: Thirty-one studies met inclusion criteria, with 296,548 participants spanning over 600 rare diseases. Most studies used prospective observational (61%) and cross-sectional (26%) designs and were conducted in Europe (45%). Interviews (39%) and surveys (29%) were common methodologies. Patients (87%) were the primary research focus, compared to caregivers (32%) or providers (10%). The most studied journey stages were 'Pre-diagnosis/Screening' (97%) and 'Diagnosis' (84%), while 'Disease Awareness' (16%) and 'Treatment Adherence' (6%) were less common. Across 164 outcomes reported, frequent outcomes included 'Healthcare Resource Utilization' (94%), 'Symptoms' (74%), and 'Time-to-Diagnosis' (71%). Fewer studies reported 'Costs' (19%), 'Caregiver/Family Burden' (16%), and 'Productivity' (13%). Time-to-diagnosis averaged 11.8 years and a median of 6.1 years. All but one study (97%) was rated low or very low quality due to observational designs. Conclusion: Most rare disease patient journey evidence focuses on 'Pre-diagnosis/Screening' and 'Diagnosis' stages using qualitative methods and surveys. While symptoms, time-to-diagnosis, and resource utilization were commonly reported, evidence gaps included treatment adherence, caregiver burden and productivity. Longitudinal assessments to collect real-world care and treatment burden outcomes, including caregiver perspectives, can enhance both clinician and policy decision-making for individuals living with rare diseases.

目的:系统评价正念疗法对慢性心力衰竭患者健康状况的干预效果。方法:检索PubMed、CochraneLibrary、Clinic Trials、PsycInfo、EMbase、Web of Science、CNKI、VIP、WanFang、SinoMed数据库建库及中外临床试验注册中心，检索正念疗法对慢性心力衰竭患者健康状况影响的随机对照试验，检索时限均为从建库至2024年2月1日。由2名研究者进行质量评价，采用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果:最终纳入8项研究，评估调查对象714人；Meta分析结果显示，与对照组比较，正念疗法能有效地提高心力衰竭患者的运动耐量[SMD=2.50,95%CI(5.68,46.91),P0.05;SMD=1.98,95%CI(-5.22,-0.02),P=0.05]。结论:正念疗法可以有效地提高心力衰竭患者运动...

目的：探讨高强度间歇训练（HIIT）与中等强度持续训练（MICT）对肥胖/超重儿童健康的影响，为肥胖/超重儿童运动干预提供理论依据。方法：检索发表在PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网（CNKI）等数据库中的相关文献，检索期限为建库至2024年2月，共纳入11篇文献，累计样本量为371例。采用Review Manager5.3软件，对得到的样本进行Meta分析。结果：（1）HIIT与MICT对肥胖/超重儿童体脂率、BMI、瘦体重干预效果在统计学上无显著性差异，但HIIT组干预总效应量均优于MICT组；（2）HIIT与MICT对肥胖/超重儿童VO2max有明显的干预效果，且HIIT组干预效果优于MICT组；（3）HIIT与MICT对肥胖/超重儿童SBP、DBP、INS、HOMA-IR、GLU、LDL-C、HDL-C、TC、TG干预效果在统计学上无显著性差异，但HIIT组干预总效应量均优于MICT组。结论：与MICT相比，HIIT对肥胖/超重儿童心肺适能的改善效果更显著；此外，相比MICT,HIIT对肥胖/超重儿童的体成分、心血管功能有更积极的促进作用...

目的 总结脑卒中患者及家庭照顾者二元疾病管理的最佳证据。方法 按照“6S”循证资源金字塔证据模型，计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、Embase、CINAHL、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国卒中协会网站、医脉通、国际指南协作网(GIN)、苏格兰院际指南网(SIGN)、美国国立指南库(NGC)、UpToDate、英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所指南网(NICE)、加拿大医学协会(CMA)网站、澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所(JBI)、世界卒中组织(WSO)网站中关于脑卒中患者及家庭照顾者二元疾病管理的文献，检索时限为2010年1月—2024年1月。由2名研究人员进行文献质量评价、文献筛选及内容提取、证据提取与证据等级评价。结果 共纳入文献29篇，其中指南5篇、专家共识1篇、系统评价5篇、类实验性研究3篇、随机对照试验15篇。通过证据提取与整合，最终形成了包括系统管理、二元评估、二元干预和指导、健康教育、社会心理支持、反馈和随访6个方面共24条证据的脑卒中患者及家庭照顾者二元疾病管理最佳证据。结...

目的 系统评价自我表露干预对癌症患者心理健康的促进效果，为提高癌症患者的生存质量提供循证证据。方法检索中国知网、万方数据、维普网、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane协作网中关于自我表露干预措施应用于各类癌症患者中的随机对照试验(RCT)文献，检索时间为建库至2023年12月31日，并采用RevMan 5.3软件对检索到的文献进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入10篇文献，研究对象总计1 252例。Meta分析结果显示，自我表露干预不仅能够提高癌症患者的痛苦表露水平[MD=3.92,95%CI(1.25,6.58),P=0.004],还能降低癌症患者对疾病复发的恐惧水平[MD=-1.04,95%CI(-1.66,-0.41),P=0.001]和抑郁水平[MD=-1.27,95%CI(-2.29,-0.25),P=0.01]。结论 自我表露干预可以提高癌症患者的痛苦表露水平，降低患者的疾病复发恐惧水平和抑郁水平，促进癌症患者心理健康。但本研究纳入的文献差异性较大，故今后还需进一步开展高质量的大样本量的随机对照试验，验证自我表露干预的...

目的 为进一步规范消化道肿瘤患者家庭肠内营养支持治疗流程和居家管理，检索并总结相关证据。方法 系统检索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、国际指南协作网、美国国家综合癌症网、医脉通、中国知网、万方数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库等数据库和网站中，关于不同肠内营养管理方法在居家消化道肿瘤患者中应用的相关证据。由两名研究者分别进行文献质量评价和证据提取，总结居家消化道肿瘤患者肠内营养管理的最佳证据。结果 共纳入13篇文献，其中4篇指南、1篇专家共识、5篇系统评价、3篇随机对照研究，从筛查与评估、适应证与禁忌证、家庭肠内营养方式、监测与终止、健康教育和效果评价6个方面进行汇总，共总结出24条最佳证据。结论 本研究总结了居家消化道肿瘤患者肠内营养管理的最佳证据，提示临床应组建多学科团队，从营养评估、营养支持方式选择、健康教育等多方面入手，为消化道肿瘤患者提供规范和全面的居家肠内营养管理措施，以改善肿瘤患者的居家营养状况，提高其生活质量。

Background: There is an emerging need for evidence-based approaches harnessing large amounts of health care data and novel technologies (such as artificial intelligence) to optimize public health policy making. Objective: The aim of this review was to explore the data analytics tools designed specifically for policy making in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and their implementation. Methods: A scoping review was conducted after searching the PubMed and IEEE databases for articles published in the last 10 years. Results: Nine articles that presented 7 data analytics tools designed to inform policy making for NCDs were reviewed. The tools incorporated descriptive and predictive analytics. Some tools were designed to include recommendations for decision support, but no pilot studies applying prescriptive analytics have been published. The tools were piloted with various conditions, with cancer being the least studied condition. Implementation of the tools included use cases, pilots, or evaluation workshops that involved policy makers. However, our findings demonstrate very limited real-world use of analytics by policy makers, which is in line with previous studies. Conclusions: Despite the availability of tools designed for different purposes and conditions, data analytics is not widely used to support policy making for NCDs. However, the review demonstrates the value and potential use of data analytics to support policy making. Based on the findings, we make suggestions for researchers developing digital tools to support public health policy making. The findings will also serve as input for the European Union-funded research project ONCODIR developing a policy analytics dashboard for the prevention of colorectal cancer as part of an integrated platform.

目的:检索和总结慢性心力衰竭病人药物管理的最佳证据。方法:按照“6S”证据模型从上到下依次检索指南网、相关专业协会网站以及中文、英文数据库中关于慢性心力衰竭病人药物管理的相关文献，检索时限从建库至2023年10月。由2名经过循证护理学课程培训的硕士研究生独立进行文献筛选、质量评价、资料提取和证据整合。结果:共纳入26篇文献，包括2篇临床决策、8篇指南、6篇专家共识、7篇系统评价和3篇证据总结。最终形成了包括多学科合作、健康评估、用药监测及处理、依从性管理、健康教育及随访管理6个方面共39条证据。结论:本研究总结了慢性心力衰竭病人药物管理的最佳证据，为规范药物管理临床实践、改善慢性心力衰竭病人服药行为提供借鉴及参考；医护人员可根据临床实际工作情景结合病人意愿进行应用。