RAND and the Observer Research Foundation (ORF) convened an in-person Track II Dialogue on January 12, 2024, at ORF's office in New Delhi, India. ORF is a nonpartisan think tank that focuses on security, strategy, economy, development, energy, and global governance. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of State, this dialogue addressed Russian advanced conventional weapon proliferation and allowed participants to present perspectives on the security environment in Asia and how the war in Ukraine has changed this environment. The Track II Dialogue consisted of three panels of both RAND and ORF experts. The first panel discussed the impact of Russia's continued war in Ukraine on Russian weapon exports and the potential for China to benefit from countries' efforts to pivot away from Russian weapons. The second panel discussed India's decisions to import systems or develop systems indigenously. The final panel discussed the impact of the war in Ukraine on Asia and Asia-Pacific security broadly. These conference proceedings contain six papers — three each by RAND and ORF authors — that were written for this dialogue. This publication provides a summary of the event, conclusions drawn from the dialogue, and the full text of all six papers. It can help inform foreign and defense policy officials in both the United States and India who are responsible for U.S.-Indian relations, bilateral defense cooperation, and defense policy.

Weapon exports and the provision of security and military services abroad by China and Russia serve as a means for both countries to extend their influence around the globe. How do such activities affect India — an emerging great power — and what do they mean for India-U.S. security cooperation? A conference held on June 30 and July 1, 2022, sponsored by the U.S. Department of State, was part of an ongoing project focusing on these questions. Participants explored Indian and U.S. views on important security issues across the Indo-Pacific and sought to identify areas of mutual interest and disagreement. Discussions were informed by six papers — three from the RAND Corporation and three from the Observer Research Foundation — that discussed common approaches to bilateral security cooperation, Russian arms sales to India, and the challenges posed by China to regional security. This report contains those papers, along with a summary of the issues discussed.