The integration of sensors into fabric substrates is essential for the advancement of wearable devices. However, the inherent alignment of knitted fabrics induces direction-dependent strain-sensing behavior, limiting their applicability in practical environments. In this study, we present a two-step spray process to fabricate omnidirectional and multifunctional fabric electrodes, independent of knitting structure, using a hybrid composite of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In the first spray, the wettability is intentionally modulated, which allows the second spray to deposit locally rather than spreading along the knitted fabrics, forming an isotropic island–bridge microstructure, thereby mitigating knit-alignment mismatch and enabling consistent omnidirectional strain sensing. The GNP/CNT/PDMS (GCP) fabric electrodes demonstrate remarkable multifunctionality, including washability, humidity sensing, thermal management, mechanical durability, permeability, and hydrophobicity, all of which are essential for robust and comfortable wearable applications. Furthermore, when integrated into a ready-to-wear glove, the electrodes enabled precise real-time monitoring of hand motions, even under wet conditions. This two-step spray process reduces integration burden (i.e., no orientation alignment or encapsulation) while supporting real-time operation (≈153 ms response / ≈239 ms recovery at 1 % strain) and skin-comfort heating (~35–38 °C at 5 V). This study presents a versatile and scalable fabrication strategy for wearable sensors with reliable and robust performance, independent of fabric orientation, offering significant potential for practical applications in health monitoring and smart textiles.
周老师: 13321314106
王老师: 17793132604
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