Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a vital crop in arid and semi-arid regions, requiring sustainable intensification to ensure global food security. The growing impacts of climate change are worsening abiotic stresses in wheat production worldwide, where drought, high salinity, temperature extremes, and heavy metal toxicity are key factors reducing yields. These stressors impair wheat development by disrupting physiological and biochemical pathways, while triggering complex cellular responses that modulate stress-related gene expression. Biostimulants offer a sustainable approach to enhance wheat resilience and productivity, while decreasing reliance on traditional agrochemicals. However, their widespread adoption faces hurdles, including an incomplete understanding of the mechanistic pathways. Biostimulants enhance plant growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and stress resilience by upregulating antioxidant systems while supporting sustainable agricultural practices that balance productivity with ecological preservation. To address abiotic stress challenges and enhance wheat productivity, the application of nanoparticles in agriculture offers a promising approach by improving nutrient utilization and ultimately increasing yield. The interaction between nanoparticles and wheat plants can lead to both minor and major impacts on the ultimate grain yield, affecting a range of physiological and biochemical processes. These impacts, however, differ based on the type of nanoparticles involved and are further shaped by factors like the duration of exposure and the conditions in which the plants grow. This highlights the challenges that must be addressed and the opportunities that should be explored to enhance the use of biostimulants in sustainable agriculture, especially for wheat cultivation. This review seeks to provide researchers, breeders, and agronomists with a framework for utilizing biostimulants to enhance crop resilience against climate change.