This study investigated the influence of agroforestry systems involving grafted harar (Terminalia chebula Retz.), soapnut (Sapin-dus mukorossi Gaertn.), and aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) on sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) productivity and soil health in the subtropical region of Himachal Pradesh. For the evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum), a randomized block design with four treatments and five replications was employed and seven land-use treatments including different tree-crop combinations and sole sesame cultivation were assessed with soils sampled at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depths. Agroforestry systems significantly enhanced sesame growth and yield compared to sole cropping. The harar + sesame system recorded the highest benefit-cost ratio (2.36), while soapnut + sesame achieved the maximum total biomass (68.32 t ha-1) and carbon stock (34.16 t ha-1). Tree-based systems improved plant height, seed weight, and overall yield with harar-based combinations showing superior performance. Soil organic carbon was significantly higher in agroforestry systems; harar + sesame recorded 2.71% at the surface layer compared to sole sesame. Chemical attributes such as electrical conductivity (0.49 dS/m), and available N (336.64 kg/ha), P (24.16 kg/ha), and K (282.40 kg/ha) were higher in agroforestry systems under harar + sesame, though values declined with depth. Microbial nitrogen (Nmic) (313.90 mg/kg), phosphorus (Pmic) (31.53 mg/kg), and carbon (Cmic) (433.66 mg/kg) was significantly higher under harar + sesame compared to sole sesame. Similarly, enzymatic activities including dehydrogenase (6.28 & micro;g/g dry soil/ha), catalase (2.95 mg KMnO4 per gram dry soil), acid (6.96 & micro;g/g dry soil/h), and alkaline phosphatase (1.82 & micro;g/g dry soil/h) also remained highest in the harar + sesame system. Across almost all parameters, soil quality decreased with increasing depth, reflecting the importance of surface-level organic matter accumulation. Overall, agroforestry enhanced soil fertility, biological activity, and system profitability, demonstrating its potential as a sustainable strategy for improving productivity and resilience in semi-arid agroecosystems.