In Yulin, a typical desert-loess transition region and energy base in China, the conflict between intensive coal mining and ecological fragility is increasingly acute, with mining-induced subsidence causing land degradation and ecological damage that constrain regional sustainability. In this study, subsidence prediction, damage assessment, impact quantification, and zonal governance were used to clarify the distribution patterns and restoration pathways of mining subsidence. Results shown that 1) Yulin's mining subsidence is a spatial pattern of "severe north, mild south; dense east, sparse west" and a temporal trend of steady growth in 2021 similar to 2025 and accelerated expansion in 2026 similar to 2035, driven by the combined effects of shallow coal depth, thin bedrock, and high-intensity mining, with distinct subsidence and damage types between aeolian grasslands and loess hills; 2) A three-dimensional land damage assessment system based on surface fissures, slope gradient, and water accumulation identifies dominant mechanisms, subsidence and waterlogging in grasslands, horizontal deformation and ground fissures in loess zones, with forest and grassland showing higher deformation tolerance than farmland; 3) Coal mining exerts cascading ecological impacts, including water quantity and quality loss, farmland degradation, and ecosystem decline, exacerbated by the compound stress of wind-water erosion and mining disturbance; 4) A differentiated governance system of six zones and nine key projects, integrating geomorphology, damage, and industry, achieves synergistic ecological restoration, industrial development, and livelihood improvement, providing a replicable model and supporting the Yellow River Basin ecological security and energy base sustainability.