Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions in which SIC reserves are substantial. However, the mechanisms governing SIC migration and transformation remain poorly understood. This study comprehensively reviews the influence of soil weathering, respiration, depth, precipitation, and acidity on SIC dynamics. We highlight the role of vegetation restoration in enhancing SIC storage and shifting the interactions of soil organic carbon (SOC) with SIC. The solubility changes of CO2 and carbonates, mineral surface adsorption, and soil chemical reactions are regulated by various environmental factors, substantially affecting CO2 flux. Yet the carbonate crystals left behind by evaporation during the downward migration of SIC in the soil solution can lead to soil stratification. Furthermore, vegetation restoration boosts carbon storage by adding organic matter through humus and potentially increasing SIC. Our findings reveal that SIC contributes significantly to carbon sequestration, with implications for mitigating climate change. This review provides a framework for better understanding SIC dynamics and its potential for enhancing soil carbon storage in arid ecosystems.