Enhancing soil fertility in vegetable cultivation presents challenges, notably using green manure from spontaneous species in the Caatinga biome, such as roostertree ( Calotropis procera [Ait.] R. Br.). This study aimed to evaluate and optimize the physical and economic efficiencies of monocropped arugula, as influenced by varying amounts of roostertree biomass. We employed a randomized block design with seven treatments and five replications. Treatments involved different quantities of C. procera biomass (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 t ha(-1 ) on a dry basis), along with two additional treatments in each block: a control (no fertilization) and one with mineral fertilization. The "Cultivada" arugula cultivar was fertilized for maximum productive efficiency using 63.31 t ha(-1 )of C. procera dry biomass, yielding 8.45 t ha(-1 ). The highest optimized agroeconomic efficiency, reflecting a net income of BRL 111,007.64 per hectare, was achieved with 59.26 t ha(-1 ) of C. procera dry biomass. The return rate was BRL 4.65 for every real investment, with a profitability index of 77.38%. Thus, using C. procera biomass as green manure is a viable technology for arugula producers in semi-arid regions.