Holocene vegetation dynamics in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) are crucial for understanding East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) impacts on paleoenvironments and human societies. Technical limitations in pollen extraction and chronology have hindered comprehensive understanding of spatiotemporal patterns and their driving mechanisms. Using an improved pollen extraction method, we analyzed pollen and charcoal from three loess-paleosol sections (Huanxian, Jingchuan, and Yaoxian) to reconstruct regional vegetation history and anthropogenic impacts. Our results demonstrate that steppe vegetation (dominated by Taraxacum, Artemisia, Aster, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, and Hippophae) prevailed throughout the Holocene, with significant increase in forest components during the mid-Holocene. A significant ecological transition occurred approximately 2.0 ka (corresponding to the Qin-Han period), marked by significant increases in charcoal (indicating fire activities), Hippophae (reflecting shrub colonization), and Brassicaceae (demonstrating agriculturalization), revealing systematic human modification of ecosystems. Spatial analysis shows this anthropogenic impact followed the regional climate gradient, appearing earlier and more intensely in the warmer/wetter southeast (Yaoxian) than in the arid northwest (Huanxian). We propose a dual-control framework where climate primarily governed biome-scale vegetation patterns, while human activities secondarily modified species composition and ecosystem structure at local scales during the late Holocene. These findings provide new insights into long-term humanenvironment interactions in semi-arid regions.