Assessing drought dynamics in a semi-arid basin: a multi-index approach using hydrological and remote-sensing indicators

Understanding the hydrological responses of semi-arid watersheds to climatic variability is crucial for sustainable water resource management. This study demonstrates that integrating remote-sensing products with traditional hydrological indices offers a robust approach for comprehensive drought monitoring . An approach using multi-index was adopted by combining different remote-sensing products including the Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI), the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) computed over 10 years (2013-2022) using Google Earth Engine (GEE), with hydrological metrics such as the Standardized Runoff Index (SRI), the Streamflow Drought Index (SDI), and the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) analyzed over 44 years (1979-2022). Our findings reveal that remote-sensing products, particularly AWEI and NDWI, align most strongly with hydrological drought indices over 6 and 12 months, with AWEI-SRI/SDI correlations reaching r = 0.51/0.60 at 6 months and NDWI-SRI/SDI reaching r = 0.52/0.50 at 12 months. Although SPEI exhibits modest correlations with AWEI and NDWI (not exceeding r = 0.50), its integration with remote-sensing hydrological indices remains secondary. Trend analyses indicate significant declines in surface water extent during the study period: AWEI decreased by 1.03 km2/year and NDWI by 0.73 km2/year, underscoring intensifying drought conditions. These results highlight the indispensable role of remote sensing in delivering continuous, detailed spatio-temporal insights and supporting adaptive water governance strategies, particularly in regions facing increasing water scarcity.