The Tarim Basin is currently the largest petroliferous basin in China, with hydrocarbons primarily hosted in Ordovician marine carbonate paleokarst fracture-vug reservoirs-a typical example being the Tahe Oilfield located in the northern structural uplift of the basin. The principle of "the present is the key to the past" serves as a core method for studying paleokarst fracture-vug reservoirs in the Tahe Oilfield. The deep and ultra-deep carbonate fracture-vug reservoirs in the Tahe Oilfield formed under humid tropical to subtropical paleoclimates during the Paleozoic Era, belonging to a humid tropical-subtropical paleoepikarst dynamic system. Modern karst types in China are diverse, providing abundant modern karst analogs for paleokarst research in the Tarim Basin. Carbonate regions in Eastern China can be divided into two major zones from north to south: the arid to semiarid north karst and the humid tropical-subtropical south karst. Karst in Northern China is characterized by large karst spring systems, with fissure-conduit networks as the primary aquifers; in contrast, karst in Southern China features underground river networks dominated by conduits and caves. From the perspective of karst hydrodynamic conditions, the paleokarst environment of deep fracture-vug reservoirs in the Tarim Basin exhibits high similarity to the modern karst environment in Southern China. The development patterns of karst underground rivers and caves in Southern China can be applied to comparative studies of carbonate fracture-vug reservoir structures in the Tarim Basin. Research on modern and paleokarst systems complements and advances each other, jointly promoting the development of karstology from different perspectives.