Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the differential association of family supportive supervisor behavior on promotive voice under different gender. Further, while employees' self-concept factors have received considerable attention in the research on the triggering mechanism of employee voice, the authors' knowledge about how and when family factors affect employee voice remains underdeveloped. Design/methodology/approach According to the resource conservation theory and gender role theory, the authors constructed a research model to investigate the influence and boundary of family supportive supervisor behavior on employee promotive voice and tested their research model using a paired data of 332 married employees and their direct supervisors of enterprises in China. Findings The findings suggest that family supportive supervisor behavior has a positive effect on employee promotive voice. Family supportive supervisor behavior can strengthen employee promotive voice by improving work-to-family enrichment and reducing work-family conflict, yet no significant mediation effect was found regarding family-to-work enrichment and conflict. Furthermore, family supportive supervisor behavior is more likely to improve female employee work-family enrichment and assuage male employee work-family conflict and thus enhance employee promotive voice. Originality/value This study sheds light on the different influential paths of family supportive supervisor behavior on promotive voice of employees of different genders and provides references for enterprises to motivate employees' promotive voice.