Background: The Trans-theoretical Model (TTM) has been applied in numerous empirical studies concerning physical activity (PA) interventions for children and adolescents. Consequently, the aim of this review is to identify and synthesize the evidence regarding the effectiveness of TTM-based interventions in promoting PA behavior change among this demographic, with the goal of informing future research and policy development. Methods: A systematic review was performed followed the PRISMA guideline, protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023416216). Computer-based searches were conducted in the CNKI, Wan-Fang, VIP, Web of Science (WOS), PubMed, and EBSCO databases to identify relevant literature. Two researchers independently conducted the literature screening and quality assessment. The quality of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was evaluated using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool version 5.1.0, as recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration Network. For quality assessment of quasi experiments (QEs), the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool was employed. Results: A total of 22 articles were included in the systematic review. Stage-matched interventions and interventions designed based on a more complete structure of the TTM are more likely to promote an increase in the actual levels of PA among children and adolescents, as well as to facilitate an increase in their PA stages. Interventions that combine health information and health behavior feedback are more likely to promote an increase in actual PA levels and the advancement of PA stages; while interventions that include PA programs are more likely to facilitate improvements in health indicators. Conclusion: The effectiveness of TTM-based PA behavior change interventions for children and adolescents depends on the specific measures employed. Interventions that are stage-matched and integrate multiple behavior change techniques using the complete TTM structure are more likely to enhance PA and its associated health benefits. However, there are several normative issues that remain. These include the misuse of incremental stages as a substitute for PA, neglect of stage specificity when applying the model, a lack of framework for behavior change techniques in targeted interventions, and an absence of a dynamic feedback process.

Background: The associations between 1-carbon metabolism (OCM) nutrients (methionine, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12) and Alzheimer disease (AD) remains inconclusive. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association of dietary OCM nutrients with subsequent risk of AD and further assess whether participants with high genetic risk for AD might benefit from dietary OCM nutrients. Methods: We analyzed data from 192,214 participants who completed at least one 24-h dietary questionnaire and had no previous history of AD based on the UK Biobank. Nutrients intake was calculated using McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Food and USDA's Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. Cox proportional models with restricted cubic splines were applied to explore the associations. Results: Over a median follow-up of 13.35 y, 959 cases of AD (41 early-onset cases and 918 late-onset cases) were identified. Compared with those in the low-intake OCM group (quartile 1), participants in the high-intake OCM group (quartile 4) had reduced risk of developing AD. The corresponding hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for methionine, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 intake were 0.66 (0.54, 0.80), 0.71 (0.58, 0.87), 0.71 (0.59, 0.87), and 0.77 (0.64, 0.93), respectively. Similar associations were observed in late-onset AD. In early-onset AD, high methionine and vitamin B-12 intake were associated with 70% (HR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.86) and 71% (HR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.96) reduction in risk, respectively. Participants with low genetic risk and high OCM nutrients intake had >75% reduced AD risk compared with high-risk, low-intake participants. Conclusions: In this prospective cohort study, we found that higher intake of OCM nutrients is associated with reduced risk of AD. Participants with high genetic risk of AD are more likely to benefit from dietary OCM nutrients intake.

Background: Meta-analyses (MAs) provide up-to-date, quantified evidence on treatment effects, which may be useful for clinical and policy decision-making. However, the quality of MAs varies, and methodological flaws can limit their reliability. Aims: This review evaluated the methodological quality of MAs on sleep disorder treatments. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO for eligible MAs on randomized controlled trials of sleep disorder treatments published between 2018 and 2023. We extracted MAs' bibliographical characteristics with a predesigned form and appraised their methodological quality using AMSTAR (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews) 2. We explored the associations between bibliographical characteristics and methodological quality ratings using Kruskal-Wallis tests and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. Results/outcomes: Among the 104 MAs, the majority (n = 82; 78.9%) had critically low quality, 19 (18.3%) had low quality, and only 3 (2.9%) had high quality. Regarding AMSTAR 2 critical domains, 97 (93.3%) MAs did not provide a list of excluded studies and justify the exclusions, 75 (72.1%) did not use a comprehensive literature search strategy, and 56 (53.9%) lacked a registered protocol and did not justify protocol deviations. Cochrane reviews (p = 0.018), MAs with European corresponding authors (p < 0.001), and MAs receiving European funding (p < 0.001) performed better than their counterparts. Conclusions/interpretation: The methodological quality of recent MAs on sleep disorder treatments is unsatisfactory. Future reviewers should address the identified critical methodological issues. In addition, substantial resources and funding should be allocated to support training in evidence synthesis and critical appraisal for researchers and clinicians.

Background: Recent studies have shown that bile acids are essential in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathology, and cholecystectomy has direct effects on bile acid metabolism. However, whether cholecystectomy increases the risk of IBS remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between cholecystectomy and IBS risk in the UK Biobank (UKB). Methods: This study is a prospective analysis of 413,472 participants who were free of IBS, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, or common benign digestive tract diseases. We identified incidents of IBS through self-reporting or links to primary healthcare and hospitalization data. We evaluated hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviours, comorbidities, and medications. Results: During a median follow-up period of 12.7 years, we observed 15,503 new cases of IBS. Participants with a history of cholecystectomy had a 46% higher risk of IBS than those without (HR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.32–1.60), and further subtype analysis showed that the risk of IBS with diarrhoea was significantly higher than the risk of IBS without diarrhoea (HR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.30–2.25 vs. HR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.28–1.58). The overall covariate-adjusted HRs for IBS were similar between the group with both cholecystectomy and gallstones (HR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.32–1.58) and the group with cholecystectomy without gallstones (HR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.36–1.67) when the group without both cholecystectomy and gallstones was used as a reference. The overall covariate-adjusted HR was not significantly different in the group without cholecystectomy with gallstones (HR = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.95–1.47). The positive association of cholecystectomy with IBS risk did not change when stratifying the data based on age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, healthy diet, quality sleep, physical activity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, mental illness, NSAID intake, or acid inhibitor intake. Sensitivity analyses, including propensity score matching analysis and lagging the exposure for two or four years, indicated that the effects were robust. Conclusion: Cholecystectomy was associated with a higher risk of IBS, especially IBS with diarrhoea. Additional prospective randomized controlled and experimental studies are warranted to further validate the association and to explore the relevant biological mechanisms.

This review will synthesize the results from publications focused on homework time and academic performance, and estimate the relationship between the two. Our objectives are: (1) To identify the extent of the relationship between homework time and students' academic performance; (2) To analyze the differences in the effectiveness of homework time across genders, grades, subject and regions; and (3) To identify the potential factors that affect homework time, such as academic subject, task difficulty, type of homework, mode of homework, parental involvement, and feedback on homework.

ObjectiveTo assess the registration quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinical trials for COVID-19, H1N1, and SARS.MethodWe searched for clinical trial registrations of TCM in the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) on April 30, 2020. The registration quality assessment is based on the WHO Trial Registration Data Set (Version 1.3.1) and extra items for TCM information, including TCM background, theoretical origin, specific diagnosis criteria, description of intervention, and outcomes.ResultsA total of 136 records were examined, including 129 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) and 7 H1N1 influenza (H1N1) patients. The deficiencies in the registration of TCM clinical trials (CTs) mainly focus on a low percentage reporting detailed information about interventions (46.6%), primary outcome(s) (37.7%), and key secondary outcome(s) (18.4%) and a lack of summary result (0%). For the TCM items, none of the clinical trial registrations reported the TCM background and rationale; only 6.6% provided the TCM diagnosis criteria or a description of the TCM intervention; and 27.9% provided TCM outcome(s).ConclusionOverall, although the number of registrations of TCM CTs increased, the registration quality was low. The registration quality of TCM CTs should be improved by more detailed reporting of interventions and outcomes, TCM-specific information, and sharing of the result data.