Haloxylon ammodendron plantations constitute a dominant vegetation component of the desert-oasis ecotone in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China, playing a critical role in maintaining oasis stability and ecological security. However, the effects of converting natural desert ecosystems into plantations on the soil food webs of arthropods remain poorly understood, particularly with respect to how these effects vary across plantation age. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a field investigation in the desert-oasis ecotone of the middle reaches of the Hexi Corridor, Gansu Province. Using pitfall trapping, we sampled two key arthropod taxa (arachnids and soil mesofauna) from control areas (natural deserts) and H. ammodendron plantations representing different ages (young and old). The results indicated that both young and old plantations were associated with significantly higher abundance and richness of arachnids, soil mesofauna, mites, and springtails compared with natural deserts, with springtail richness exhibiting a further significant increase in old plantations. Arachnid responses to plantation conversion were strongly structured by body size. Medium arachnid abundance increased in both young and old plantations, whereas large arachnid abundance increased only in young plantations and declined in older ones. In contrast, small arachnid abundance exhibited significant increases exclusively in old plantations. In addition, relationships between arachnid, mite and springtail abundance varied with plantation age: the ratio of large arachnids to mites and springtails declined significantly in old plantations relative to young ones, while the corresponding ratio for small arachnids showed an opposite pattern. Variations in soil mesofauna community composition were primarily explained by shrub cover, herbaceous cover, coarse sand proportion, silt-clay content, and soil soluble salt, which together accounted for 48.9% of observed variation. For arachnids, soil mesofauna as a food resource significantly enhanced abundance and richness. Moreover, shrub cover and silt-clay content were also drivers of arachnid community variation, jointly explaining 6.7% of variance. Overall, the establishment of H. ammodendron plantations promoted the diversity of both arachnids and soil mesofauna, but their relationships shifted dynamically with plantation age, leading to a reorganization of detrital food web structure and functioning.