Jamal, Muhammad Asif , Hussain, Saddam , Khaliq, Abdul , Zahir, Zahir Ahmad
2025-09-01 JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2025 44(卷), 9(期), (5361-5379页)
Salinity has become a major yield-limiting factor for wheat, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. The present study evaluated the effects of vermicompost (VC) and blended vermicompost (BVC: a mixture of Bacillus spp. and vermicompost) application on soil water retention, morpho-physiological growth, root architecture, and ionic balance of wheat under normal and salt stress conditions. Different organic amendments (farmyard manure, compost, VC, and BVC) were applied to varying proportions with inorganic amendments (75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) to keep the same dose of nitrogen in all treatments. For imposing salinity, a soil EC of 10 dS m-1 was maintained using soluble salts. To prepare BVC, a consortium of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis was added at 1.0 kg/ha in the vermicompost. Results indicated that salinity stress hampered the seedling growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes, and root system architecture of wheat, compared with unstressed control, however, such negative effects were reduced by organic amendments. The application of VC or BVC significantly improved the soil water retention and morpho-physiological growth of wheat under both salinity and unstressed conditions. Among different treatments, BVC50% (50% N from urea + 50% N from blended vermicompost) recorded the maximum increase in morphological growth attributes (35.1-44.8%), root system attributes (56.4-79.9%), photosynthetic pigments (40.4-57.7%), leaf potassium content (59.3%) and antioxidant enzyme activities (11.1-40.5%), under salinity stress compared with control. In crux, application of vermicompost, particularly microbial blended, effectively alleviated the negative effects of salt stress on wheat. Better growth and higher tolerance of wheat owing to BVC application were attributed to improvements in soil-plant water relations, vigorous root system, better antioxidant defense, and maintenance of ionic balance (K+/Na+ ratio) under salinity stress. The findings of the study have practical implications for the farmer community in salt-prone areas, and expected to be opted as an easy, effective, and eco-friendly approach.