Introduction. Land surfaces temperature (LST) derived from thermal bands, due to its resolution characteristics, can enhance the understanding of ecosystem dynamics, for example, the spatiotemporal distribution of drought or extreme aridity. Objective. To analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of LST and its relationship with LANDSAT spectral indices to identify and classify areas that may be unfavorable for soil life. Materials and methods. The 30/42 LANDSAT scene from the years 2017 and 2021 was used, covering 42.6 % (study area) in the Lagunera Region. LST was reclassified into six categories: C1(<= 8 degrees C), C2(8-20 degrees C), C3(20-32 degrees C), C4(32-44 degrees C), C5(44-56 degrees C) and C6(>56 degrees C). The relationship between LST, ambient temperature, and the spectral indices NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and surfaces emissivity (S) pound were determined. Results. LST was highest in the northeastern part of the study area (>50 degrees C), where categories C3, C4 and C5 were dominant, characterized by bare soil (40-55 %) and sparse vegetation (39-55 %). The adjusted correlation coefficient between LST and ambient temperature was >0.7; with LST similar to 20 degrees C higher than ambient temperature. LST showed a stronger relationship with S pound (>0.95) than with NDVI; however, the latter showed lower uncertainty (<2 %). Conclusions. The strong correlation between LST, spectral indices, and ambient temperature highlights the utility of the LANDSAT thermal band for delineating critical areas affected by high temperatures. It also serves as an indicator of adverse conditions in the upper soil layer.