Soil formation is influenced by various factors, including parent material, organisms, climate, and topographic position over time. These factors vary in magnitude across the Earth's surface over millions of years, playing a critical role in generating diversity within ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of parent material and relief on soil attributes from the Ediacaran geological period (>543 Ma) in Paraiba, Brazil. Three toposequences were selected, each developed on distinct parent materials (shales, gneiss, and granite) and divided into summit, shoulder and footslope positions. Soil samples were collected from the topsoil layer (approximately 10 cm depth), with 10 undisturbed samples taken at each of the nine locations using volumetric rings. Physical and chemical attributes of the soil were then determined. The data was analyzed using univariate, simple regression, and multivariate statistical methods. The parent material significantly influenced certain chemical components of these soils, which exhibit favorable agronomic characteristics but are environmentally sensitive. Landscape position was found to be a key determinant of soil characteristics in semiarid region, reflecting interactions between soil, vegetation, and atmosphere. Among the relief positions, the summit was the most stable environment, while the footslope exhibited stronger chemical interactions, both cases were influenced by water dynamics acting as a cementing agent in the summit and driving leaching in the footslope.