Expectations about pain and analgesic treatment are shaped by medical providers' facial appearances: Evidence from five online clinical simulation experiments
Rationale: There is a robust link between patients' expectations and clinical outcomes, as evidenced by the placebo effect. Expectations depend in large part on the context surrounding treatment, including the patientprovider interaction. Prior work indicates that providers' behavior and characteristics, including warmth and competence, can shape patient outcomes. Yet humans rapidly form trait impressions of others before any inperson interaction. It is unknown whether these first impressions influence subsequent health care choices and expectations. Objective: Our goal was to test whether trait impressions of hypothetical medical providers, based exclusively on facial images, influence the choice of medical providers and expectations about pain and analgesia following hypothetical painful medical procedures. Method: Across five online experiments, participants (total N = 1108) viewed and made judgments about hypothetical healthcare providers. Experiments 1-4 included computer-generated faces that varied in features associated with competence, while experiment 5 included real faces. We measured how apparent competence affected expectations about pain and anticipated analgesic use in all studies. We also measured warmth and similarity. Results: Across five online studies, participants selected providers who appeared more competent, based on facial visual information alone. Further, providers' apparent competence predicted participants' expectations about post-procedural pain and medication use. Participants' perception of their similarity to providers also shaped expectations about pain and treatment outcomes. Conclusions: Results from our experimental simulations suggest that humans develop expectations about pain and health outcomes before even setting foot in the clinic, based exclusively on first impressions. These findings have strong implications for health care, as individuals increasingly rely on digital services to select healthcare providers and even receive treatment, a trend that is exacerbated as the world embraces telemedicine.
