Regional eco-efficiency affects local public health through intermediaries such as economic and environmental impacts. Considering multiple factors, the implicit and uncertain relationship with regional characteristics, and the limited data availability, this paper investigated the forecasting of changes in local public health-including the number of visits to hospitals (VTH), outpatients with emergency treatment (OWET), number of inpatients (NI), number of health examinations (NOHE), and patients discharged (PD)-using calculated regional eco-efficiency with the Least Square-Support Vector Machine-Forecasting Model and acquired empirical evidence, utilizing the province-level data in China. Results: (1) regional eco-efficiency is a good predictor in both a single and multi-factor situation; (2) the prediction accuracy for five dimensions of the changes in local public health was relatively high, and the volatility was lower and more stable throughout the whole forecasting period; and (3) regional heterogeneity, denoted by three economic and demographic factors and three medical supply and technical level factors, improved the forecasting performance. The findings are meaningful for provincial-level decision-makers in China in order for them to know the current status or trends of medical needs, optimize the allocation of medical resources in advance, and enable ample time to tackle urgent emergencies, and, finally, the findings can serve to evaluate the social effects of improving regional eco-efficiency via local enterprises or individuals and adopting sustainable development strategies.