Clinical features of COVID-19 for integration of COVID-19 into influenza surveillance: A systematic review
Lee, Bohee
Ashcroft, Thulani
Agyei-Manu, Eldad
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de los Godos, Emma Farfan
Leow, Amanda
Krishan, Prerna
Kulkarni, Durga
Nundy, Madhurima
Hartnup, Karen
Shi, Ting
McSwiggan, Emilie
Nair, Harish
Theodoratou, Evropi
McQuillan, Ruth
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McQuillan, R (通讯作者),Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Populat Hlth Sci, Usher Inst, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland.;Theodoratou, E (通讯作者),Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Global Hlth, Usher Inst, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland.
Background In November 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) created interim guidance on how to integrate testing for SARS-CoV-2 into existing influenza surveillance systems. Influen-za-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) case definitions have been used to specify the case definition of COVID-19 for surveillance purposes. This review aims to assess whether the common clinical features of COVID-19 have changed to the point that the criteria used to identify both COVID-19 and influenza in surveillance programs needs to be altered. Methods A systematic review of reviews following PRISMA-P guide-lines was conducted using the COVID-19 evidence review data-base from August 19, 2020, to August 19, 2021. Reviews providing pooled estimates of the prevalence of clinical features of COVID-19 within the general population, diagnosed by polymerase chain reac-tion or rapid diagnostic test, were included. These were critically ap-praised and sensitivity analysis was undertaken to examine potential causes of bias. Results Fourteen reviews were identified, including three on adults only and three on children only. For all reviews, combined fever (median prevalence = 73.0%, IQR = 58.3-78.7) and cough (45.1%, IQR = 28.9-54.0) were the most common features. These were fol-lowed by loss of taste or smell (45.1%, IQR = 28.9-54.0), hypoxemia (33%, one review), fatigue (26.4%, IQR = 9.0-39.4) and expectoration (23.9%, IQR = 23.3-25.5). Fever and cough continued to be the most prevalent features for adults and children, with subsequent symptoms being similar for adults only. However, the pattern differed for chil-dren, with headache (34.3%, IQR = 18-50.7) and nasal congestion (20%, one review) being the third and fourth commonest symptoms. Conclusions The prevalent features found in this recent review were the same as the ones identified at the beginning of the pandemic. Therefore, the current approach of using the ILI and SARI criteria which incorporate fever and cough will identify COVID-19 cases in addition to influenza. Interestingly, children may present with differ-ent features, as headaches and nasal congestion were more common in this group. Future research could examine this further and investi-gate whether symptomology changes with new variants of COVID-19.