Secondary school enrolment in Africa is expected to double by 2030, yet high youth unemployment rates suggest that the existing education system is not preparing students to improve their livelihoods through work. We examined the impact of a program that trained teachers and supported them in implementing Rwanda’s revised secondary school entrepreneurship curriculum on student academic, economic, and labour market outcomes. Two years after the program began, we found positive impacts on teacher pedagogy, and increased student engagement in business activities, but also declines in employment. In the follow-up, gains in entrepreneurship faded and employment was lower for students in the treatment arm. University enrolment increased. There were no robust differences in income or profits between students in the 2 study arms. Incomes and profits fell among students who were initially less likely to be entrepreneurs (based on a model of entrepreneurship fit to control group characteristics). Results suggest that more work is needed to understand how to reform entrepreneurship education to generate positive medium-term impacts. This research is part of the Gender, Growth and Labour Markets in Low Income Countries programme

We combine 2 field experiments in Bangladesh with a structural labour model to define and test for paternalistic discrimination, the differential treatment of two groups to protect one group from harmful or unpleasant situations. We observe real hiring and application decisions for a night-shift job that provides safe worker transport home at the end of the shift. In the first experiment, we vary employers’ perceptions of job costs to women by experimentally varying information about the transport while holding taste-based and statistical discrimination constant. We find that employers discriminate paternalistically - not informing employers about transport decreases demand for female labour by 22%. Informing employers that workers receive a surprise cash payment large enough to purchase safe transport themselves does not increase hiring. In the second experiment, not informing applicants about the transport reduces the female labour supply by 15%. This research is part of the Gender, Growth and Labour Markets in Low Income Countries programme

The working paper evaluates the effect of student economic outcomes of an entrepreneurship education reform in Rwanda. A survey was conducted in 200 secondary schools in 2016, 2018, 2019 and 2021 to examine the entrepreneurship programs designed and supervised by Educate!, an international NGO. The primary focus is assessing student outcomes one to 3 years after completing secondary school, providing insights into the effectiveness and long-term impact of the program, which commenced three to five years before the evaluation. The surveys asked respondents to report their academic and economic activities in recent months. The study evaluates a teacher training intervention focussed on the effective implementation of the new curriculum through a randomized controlled trial. The student surveys collected data about secondary school persistence, entrepreneurship exam scores and non-cognitive skills. The analysis compares the treatment and control groups and reports the differences in means and significance levels. Among the teachers, program take-up was high leading to pedagogical changes aligned with the revised curriculum. This research is part of the Gender, Growth and Labour Markets in Low Income Countries programme

Discover a summary of the latest information on the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET)'s activities and publications in Volume 32 of the EANET Newsletter.

A dramatic shift in the global food system is occurring with the rapid growth of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) consumption, which poses potentially serious health risks. Systematic review (SR) method has been used to summarise the association between UPF consumption and multiple health outcomes; however, a suboptimal-quality SR may mislead the decision-making in clinical practices and health policies. Therefore, a methodological review was conducted to identify the areas that can be improved regarding the risk of bias and reporting quality of relevant SRs. Systematic searches to collect SRs with meta-analyses of UPFs were performed using four databases from their inception to April 14, 2023. The risk of bias and reporting quality were evaluated using ROBIS and PRISMA 2020, respectively. The key characteristics of the included SRs were summarised descriptively. Excel 2019 and R 4.2.3 were used to analyse the data and draw graphs. Finally, 16 relevant SRs written in English and published between 2020 and 2023 in 12 academic journals were included. Only one SR was rated as low risk of bias, and the others were rated as higher risk of bias mainly because the risk of bias in the original studies was not explicitly addressed when synthesising the evidence. The reporting was required to be advanced significantly, involving amendments of registration and protocol, data and analytic code statement, and lists of excluded studies with justifications. The reviews' results could improve the quality, strengthen future relevant SRs' robustness, and further underpin the evidence base for supporting clinical decisions and health policies.

目的 探讨健康教育对先天性心脏病患者预后及焦虑抑郁情绪的影响，以期为相关心血管疾病的康复治疗提供参考和依据。方法 检索常用的中英文数据库（PubMed、Medline、知网、万方等），检索词包括：“健康教育”、“先天性心脏病”、“Health Education”、“Heart Defects,Congenital”和“Congenital heart disease”等。检索时间截止2022年12月31日。并筛选对先天性心脏病患者实施健康教育的参考文献。Review Manager软件进行Meta分析。结果 在纳入的15项研究中，共有7项研究中涉及了患者焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分；有4项研究中涉及了患者抑郁自评量表（SDS）评分。合并结果采用随机效应模型分析，结果显示，差异有统计学意义（Z=10.36,P<0.01）。共有5项研究分析了患者并发症情况（包括术后感染、出血、心包积液等），异质性检验结果显示，Chi2=5.83,df=4（P=0.21）,I2=31%，提示合并的文献无明显的异质性，采用固定效应模型分析，结果显示，差异有统计...

在人口老龄化程度日益加深的背景下，机构养老逐渐成为我国老年人养老的一项重要选择。基于25篇有关老年人机构养老意愿的研究数据，运用Meta分析法对我国老年人机构养老意愿以及主要影响因素进行分析，发现我国目前老年人总体机构养老意愿率约为16.9%,个人特征、家庭状况、健康状况、经济状况、地域状况等因素均对老人机构养老意愿有重要影响，且具有明显的性别、学历、家庭结构、健康、收入、城乡差异。为了促进我国机构养老的发展，需要加强医养型、护理型养老机构的建设，加大对低收入老年人机构养老服务的供给力度，促进城乡机构养老的均衡发展，完善社区居家养老服务供给体系等。

为了响应卫生经济学建模者更多地应用合适的复杂系统模型去解决公共卫生领域的复杂挑战的需求，由40余位复杂系统模型和经济学评价领域的专家组成的国际团队制订、并于近期发布了应用复杂系统模型进行公共卫生干预措施经济学评价的指南。本文对该指南的制订过程和主要内容进行解读，以期为国内研究人员提供参考，最终提高我国公共卫生研究和服务的整体质量和改善国民的健康水平。

目的 系统梳理针刺疗法研究报告规范问题，为针刺疗法网状Meta分析报告规范关键问题的遴选提供参考依据。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、CNKI、WanFang Data和VIP数据库，搜集针刺疗法报告规范的相关研究，检索时限均为建库至2022年11月。根据SPIDER模型构建目标问题并制定纳入、排除标准，采用CASP对纳入文献进行方法学质量评价，使用定性系统评价主题综合法分析、归纳、整合针刺疗法研究证据报告规范问题，建立问题条目池。结果 共纳入4个国家的66篇文献，其中17篇为定性研究，49篇为定量研究。CASP评价结果显示纳入研究的总体质量较高，且英文研究质量高于中文。采用主题综合法归纳出7类22个问题条目，7类问题包括标题、摘要、前言、方法、结果、讨论和其他报告规范问题，22个条目包括“是否需要报告针刺疗法的具体类型”“是否需要报告基于原始研究类型及其数量”等。结论 现有的针刺疗法研究中存在较多的报告规范问题，因此有必要整理归纳出针刺疗法网状Meta研究的报告规范关键问题，为制订针刺疗法网状Meta分析报告指南提供科学的理论基础。

目的 遴选针刺疗法网状Meta分析报告规范的关键问题。方法 结合前期文献调研和定性系统评价，形成针刺疗法网状Meta分析报告规范的问题条目池，发放函询问卷，利用德尔菲法，通过2轮专家咨询，进行关键问题的遴选。结果 遴选出关于是否需要报告针刺干预细节（如针具类型、所用腧穴、进针数量、进针深度、留针时间、针刺手法、针刺疗程等）、疾病或中医证候的诊断标准、针刺医师的资历等21个关键问题的针刺疗法网状Meta分析报告规范关键问题清单。其中，网状Meta分析报告规范（PRISMA-NMA）回答的关键问题仅有摘要、方案与注册及资金来源三个部分，剩余19个均为针刺疗法相关的报告规范问题。结论 构建针刺疗法网状Meta报告规范关键问题，提高相关研究的规范性与严谨性，更好地发挥其学术价值和临床价值。

In this paper, we attempt to contribute to the existing literature by understanding the impact of Covid-19 on employment, income, poverty and inequality in India based on the data obtained from three rounds (2008-09, 2018-19 and 2020-21) of household surveys conducted in Alabujanahalli, a village located in the southern part of Karnataka. This is an output from the Data and Evidence for Tackling Extreme Poverty (DEEP) Research Programme.

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the oral health statuses of children and adults within the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) population through an umbrella review approach. The prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease, and associated variables were investigated across selected studies. A systematic search was conducted across databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, Science Direct, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Wiley Online Library to identify relevant studies. The assessed variables included dental caries prevalence, periodontal disease prevalence, oral hygiene indicators, and the necessity of dental treatment. The pooled prevalence rates, odds ratios, and standardized mean differences were calculated where applicable. The pooled prevalence of dental caries among ASD individuals ranged from 60.6% to 67.3%, while the periodontal disease prevalence ranged from 59.8% to 69.4%. High rates of dental treatment under general anesthesia were reported. Heterogeneous dental caries and periodontal disease prevalence rates were identified, highlighting the need for collaboration and preventive care. Several studies also reported higher prevalence rates of dental trauma and self-inflicted oral injuries among individuals with ASD. However, the review also identified significant methodological limitations in the included studies, including inconsistency in oral health assessment methods and potential bias. The necessity for targeted policies due to high prevalence rates and the requirement for integrated care systems in high DMFT regions were also observed. The umbrella review synthesized diverse findings, revealing variations in dental caries and periodontal disease prevalence among ASD individuals. This review underscores the need for tailored interventions and policies to address oral health disparities. It highlights the necessity of integrated care systems, methodological improvements, and longitudinal studies to comprehensively address the multifaceted oral health challenges within the ASD population.

Welcome to the self-pace course to develop the inventory of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) listed under the Stockholm Convention. This course will provide some useful information to understand why it is important to develop a national PBDE inventory, and how to do so. The content of this course is provided by UNEP with support from Basel Convention Coordinating Centre-Stockholm Convention Regional Centre in Latin America and the Caribbean Region (BCRC-SCRC-LATU), and the e-course is developed by Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity-building and the Transfer of Technology in Asia and the Pacific (SCRC China).

Welcome to the self-paced course on planning and developing inventories on SCCPs before the Stockholm Convention. The inventories of SCCPs has established the country baseline and take stock of the country situation in relation to SCCPs, providing a basis for the development of a strategy in the National Implementation Plan. The course is designed to assist Parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and technicians involved in inventory preparation. The content of this course is provided by Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity-building and the Transfer of Technology in Asia and the Pacific (SCRC China) with the guidance and assistance from UNEP, and the e-course is developed by SCRC China.

Welcome to the self-paced course on draft guidance on preparing inventories of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its salts and PFOA related compounds. The course is designed to assist Parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and technicians involved in inventory preparation. The content of this course is provided by Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity-building and the Transfer of Technology in Asia and the Pacific (SCRC China) with the guidance and assistance from UNEP, and the e-course is developed by SCRC China.

Welcome to the self-pace course to develop the inventories of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) listed under the Stockholm Convention. This course will provide some useful information to understand why it is important to develop an HBCS inventory, and how to do so. The content of this course is provided by UNEP with support from Basel Convention Coordinating Centre-Stockholm Convention Regional Centre in Latin America and the Caribbean Region (BCRC-SCRC-LATU), and the e-course is developed by Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity-building and the Transfer of Technology in Asia and the Pacific (SCRC China).

Welcome to the self-paced course on data handling and interpretation for the monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention. The management and interpretation of monitoring data is a critical step towards the understanding and usage of the information. The data handling and interpretation course is designed to assist Parties of the Stockholm Convention and technicians involved in the POPs monitoring process and in the usage of these environmental monitoring results. The interpretation of monitoring data is part of the handling or processing of data resulting from environmental monitoring. Therefore, in this training we will first discuss environmental monitoring and data handling and then we will address the interpretation of the data. The content of this course is provided by UNEP with support from Basel Convention Coordinating Centre-Stockholm Convention RegionalCentre in Uruguay (BCRC-SCRC-Uruguay), and the e-course is developed by Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity-building and the Transfer of Technology in Asia and the Pacific (SCRC China).

Objective Clinical practice guidelines recommend retrieving at least 12 lymph nodes for correct staging in colorectal cancer. However, it is difficult to retrieve adequate lymph nodes because of various factors. We aimed to evaluate the association between the number of retrieved lymph nodes and demographic/tumour-related characteristics in colorectal cancer.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of primary studies.Data sources PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science were searched from January 2016 to June 2023.Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Studies that evaluated the association between retrieved lymph nodes and demographic/tumour-related characteristics in colorectal cancer were included.Data extraction and synthesis OR with 95% conference intervals was extracted and pooled.Results A total of 54 studies containing 2 05 821 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that fewer nodes were retrieved from elderly patients (OR=0.70, 95% CI (0.54 to 0.90), p=0.005), and from tumours located in the left colon than in the right colon (OR=0.43, 95% CI (0.33 to 0.56), p<0.001). More lymph nodes were obtained from females than males (OR=1.15, 95% CI (1.04 to 1.28), p=0.006), from the advanced T stage (T3+T4) than T1+T2 stage (OR=1.57, 95% CI (1.25 to 1.97), p<0.001) and from the N2 stage than N0 stage (OR=1.32, 95% CI (1.15 to 1.51), p<0.001). Body mass index, ethnicity, N1 stage, M stage, tumour differentiation and lymph-vascular invasion were not significantly associated with the lymph node yield.Conclusions The study results suggest that clinicians have an increased opportunity to retrieve sufficient lymph nodes for accurate pathological staging to guide treatment decisions in patients with colorectal cancer who are young, female, with tumours located in the right colon, advanced T stage and N2 stage.

The annual Greening the Blue Report – The UN system’s environmental footprint and efforts to reduce it shows the progress both at the UN system-wide level and entity level of implementing the Strategy for Sustainability Management in the United Nations System 2020-2030, Phase I: Environmental Sustainability in the Area of Management (Sustainability Strategy I). The 2023 edition of the Greening the Blue Report, which provides 2022 data, was launched on 21 December 2023. Commenting on the results from the report, António Guterres, UN Secretary-General noted, “The world must work together to address the triple planetary crisis of runaway climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. We at the United Nations must do our part with advocacy and action. I encourage all UN entities to set an example by greening the blue.” Sustainability Strategy I covers both environmental impact areas and management functions. Highlights of the Greening the Blue Report 2023’s UN system-wide 2022 data results include: Environmental Impact Areas Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) - the UN’s operations and facilities emitted 1.4 million tonnes of CO2eq in total or 4.6 tonnes CO2eq per capita. The UN system’s GHG emissions by source were 38% from air travel, 47% from facilities and 15% from other forms of travel Waste - the average waste generated for the whole UN system was 321 kg/person Water - the average water consumption by the UN system was 49 m3 per UN personnel per year Management Functions Environmental Governance – 7 UN entities have met or exceeded the criteria for implementing an Environmental Management System, with an additional 15 entities approaching the criteria Procurement* – 24 out of 29 organizations implemented formal sustainable procurement policies in their procurement processes Human Resources – 31 entities have environmental training available for their staff Greening the Blue Report 2023 highlights the environmental impacts of over 308,000 personnel in 57 entities across Headquarters, field offices and operations on the ground. The report also includes a case study from a UN entity on each of the environmental impact areas and management functions. To read the whole report and the detailed entity level data, please visit greeningtheblue.org. *Procurement data is taken from the 2022 Annual Statistical Report on United Nations Procurement. More information For methodologies and data collection used, please visit greeningtheblue.org/methodology. For methodology related to travel emissions provided by the International Civil Aviation Organisation, please visit the ICAO website. For climate neutrality, please visit the UNFCCC website. For more information, please contact: UN Environment Programme E-mail: unepnewsdesk@unep.org

目的 利用网状Meta分析评价6种运动方式对老年认知衰弱患者的影响。方法 计算机检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、Embase、WebofScience、中国知网（CNKI）、万方数据知识服务平台（WanFangData）、维普网（VIP）数据库，搜集6种运动方式对老年认知衰弱患者影响的随机对照试验（RCT），检索时间从建库～2023年4月。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料，评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后，采用Stata 15.1软件进行网状Meta分析。结果 共纳入10篇RCT，包括766名患者，涉及8种干预方法（包括弹力带运动、阻力+有氧+平衡训练、阻力+有氧训练、高速抗阻运动训练、太极拳、八段锦、常规活动、健康教育）。网状Meta分析结果显示：在提高握力方面，弹力带运动、阻力+有氧+平衡训练、八段锦、常规活动均优于健康教育，阻力+有氧+平衡训练相比常规活动、八段锦提高握力效果更显著，弹力带运动相比八段锦提高握力效果更显著；在提高蒙特利尔认知评估量表评分方面，阻力+有氧+平衡训练、八段锦均优于常规活动和健康教育，阻力+有氧+平衡训练相比八段锦对提高蒙特利尔认知评估量表...