Understanding the graphitization process throughout Earth’s history is crucial for recognizing carbon cycles and advancing emerging industries. This research focuses on the graphite deposits in the Jiamusi region, which holds >25% of the world’s flake graphite reserves. The geochemical analysis of whole-rock samples shows a notable decrease in Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and light rare earth elements in graphite-bearing samples from the Yunshan, Liumao, Shiqilian, to 260 Highlands deposits, alongside an increase in Ti, Na, Rb, Ba, Zr, and Hf. Detrital zircons present U-Pb age peaks ca. 870 Ma, 745 Ma, and 608 Ma, with their ε_Hf(t) values ranging between −10.9 and +13.0 and T_DM between 2.29 Ga and 0.86 Ga. Metamorphic zircon domains further suggested two-stage prograde-retrograde metamorphism throughout the Jiamusi Block, where the south Jixi district is dominated by ca. 514 Ma granulite facies metamorphism and the north Luobei district is featured by ca. 486 Ma greenschist rocks. The carbonaceous metasediments at Jiamusi were sourced from Proterozoic continental erosions and arc magma, with minor or no contribution of Archean basements. Their U/Th, V/Cr, and Ni/Co ratios indicate a relatively anoxic to suboxic condition during sedimentation. The Jiamusi Block was likely in equatorial zones during the Neoproterozoic era when warm climate facilitated great loads of organic deposits in shallow marine environment. This organic matter was then transformed into flake graphite during the pan-African orogeny ca. 500 Ma, with the greenschist to amphibole metamorphism favoring medium to small flakes in the Luobei district. Our comparative analysis of the Jiamusi Block with other tectonic domains in East Gondwana confirms the eastward extension of a world-class graphite belt stretching from East Africa, through Madagascar, and South Asia to Northeast China. The ca. 500 Ma pan-African orogeny is therefore the most important period for global organics deposition and graphite mineralization.