Report The Panel agreed on the outline of the 2027 IPCC Methodology Report on Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies, Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Additional guidance) at its 63rd Session held in Lima, Peru from 27-30 October 2025 (Decision IPCC-LXIII-6). The report will be a single Methodology Report comprising an Overview Chapter and six volumes consistent with the format of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The structure of the Methodology Report is consistent with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines so as to make it easier for inventory compilers to use this Methodology Report with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Topics that will be addressed include: Transport, injection and sequestering of CO2 in relation to enhanced oil, gas, and coal-bed methane recovery Production of products containing or derived from captured and/or removed CO2 Carbonation of cement and lime-based structures Soil carbon sinks and related emissions enhanced through biochar and weathering and other elements Coastal wetlands carbon dioxide removal types not in previous IPCC Guidelines as well as additional information on mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass in coastal waters Durable biomass products Carbon dioxide capture from combustion and process gases Direct air capture Carbon dioxide utilisation Carbon dioxide transport including cross border issues Carbon dioxide injection and storage CO2 removal through direct capture of CO2 from water already processed by inland and coastal facilities; and related elements across the range of categories of the IPCC Guidelines. The national greenhouse gas inventory includes sources and sinks occurring within the territory over which a country has jurisdiction. Over 150 experts are expected to participate in the writing process, which will be completed by 2027. The participants will be selected by the Task Force Bureau taking into account scientific and technical expertise, geographical and gender balance to the extent possible in line with Appendix A to the Principles Governing IPCC Work. The First Lead Authors’ meeting will be held in Rome, Italy, in April 2026. Preparatory Work The decision by the Panel to prepare this Methodology Report was informed by the work of experts at the scoping meeting held in Copenhagen, Denmark, from 14-16 October 2024. Prior to the scoping meeting, an expert meeting was held at Vienna, Austria 1-3 July 2024. These meetings considered Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods mentioned in the AR6 WGIII Report as a starting point for discussion and noted that several CDR activities have been already covered by the existing IPCC Guidelines. More Information The IPCC Secretary has written to national government focal points inviting nominations of authors by 12 December 2025.

Fast Facts Medicaid programs that cover prescription drugs are generally required to cover drugs that are (1) FDA approved and (2) made by a manufacturer that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. 13 Medicaid programs didn’t cover Mifeprex and its generic equivalent, Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, when required. These drugs are used for medical abortion. We recommended the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ensure Medicaid programs comply with federal requirements for covering Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. We also reiterated our 2019 recommendation on Mifeprex, which hasn’t been implemented. White pills spilling from a pill bottle. Skip to Highlights Highlights What GAO Found Medicaid programs that choose to cover outpatient prescription drugs are required to cover all Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs for their medically accepted indications when those drugs are made by a manufacturer that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program (MDRP), except as outlined in federal law. The FDA has approved two drugs—Mifeprex in 2000 and its generic equivalent in 2019, referred to as Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg—for the medical termination of an intrauterine pregnancy, known as a medical abortion. Danco Laboratories and GenBioPro are the exclusive manufacturers of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, respectively, and both manufacturers participate in the MDRP. Medicaid programs in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico cover prescription drugs and participate in the MDRP. According to officials from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)—the federal agency within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) responsible for ensuring Medicaid programs’ compliance—none of the MDRP’s statutory exceptions apply to Mifeprex or Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. Thus, these 52 Medicaid programs must cover these drugs when prescribed for medical abortion in circumstances eligible for federal funding, such as when the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest. GAO identified gaps in Medicaid programs’ coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. Officials from 35 of the 49 programs who responded to GAO questions said their programs covered Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg for medical abortion, as of December 31, 2024. In contrast, officials from 13 programs told GAO their programs did not cover either drug for medical abortion. An official from the remaining program did not specify the medical indications for which its program covered the drugs. Medicaid Programs’ Coverage of Danco Laboratories’ Mifeprex and GenBioPro’s Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, as of December 31, 2024 Note: For more details, see fig. 1 in GAO-25-107911. State officials’ responses to GAO’s questions indicated that some states may not be complying with the MDRP requirements for covering Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. However, CMS has not determined the extent to which states comply with the MDRP requirements for these drugs. CMS officials told GAO they were not aware of the following: Nine programs did not cover Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg for any medical indication, as of December 31, 2024; GAO reported four of these programs did not cover Mifeprex in 2019. Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg was not available at the time of GAO’s 2019 report. Four additional Medicaid programs did not cover either drug when prescribed for medical abortion, as of December 31, 2024. CMS was not aware of these coverage gaps, in part, because it had not implemented GAO’s 2019 recommendation to take actions to ensure Medicaid programs comply with MDRP requirements to cover Mifeprex. CMS also has not taken actions related to the coverage of Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, as of August 2025. Without such actions, CMS lacks assurance that Medicaid programs comply with MDRP requirements and Medicaid beneficiaries may lack access to these drugs when appropriate. Why GAO Did This Study GAO was asked to describe Medicaid programs’ coverage of mifepristone. This report examines Medicaid programs’ coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, among other things. GAO reviewed laws and CMS guidance on the MDRP, and coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. GAO also sent written questions to officials from the 52 Medicaid programs that participate in the MDRP regarding their coverage of these drugs, and reviewed officials’ responses from the 49 programs that provided GAO information. Recommendations GAO reiterates its 2019 recommendation that CMS take actions to ensure states’ compliance with MDRP requirements to cover Mifeprex. GAO also recommends that CMS determine the extent to which states comply with federal Medicaid requirements regarding coverage of GenBioPro’s Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, and take actions, as appropriate, to ensure compliance. In response to the recommendation, HHS noted it is reviewing applicable law and will determine the best course of action to address it moving forward. Recommendations for Executive Action Agency Affected Recommendation Status Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services The Administrator of CMS should determine the extent to which states comply with federal Medicaid requirements regarding coverage of GenBioPro's Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, and take actions, as appropriate, to ensure compliance. (Recommendation 1) Open Actions to satisfy the intent of the recommendation have not been taken or are being planned. When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information. Full Report Full Report (11 pages)

We run in-person continuing professional development (CPD) sessions for primary teachers from our London and Keyworth offices. If you’re a teacher following the National Curriculum in England or Wales and want to get to grips with rocks, fossils, mountains, volcanoes and other geology teaching in the primary curriculum, join us for a session of lessons and demos you can take straight into the classroom. There are Primary Science Teacher CPD sessions on Rocks, fossils and soils on Wednesday 4th and Thursday 5th March 2026 The following sessions are available, please click on the links to reserve your place: Wednesday 4th March – Natural History Museum, London Rocks, fossils and soils Thursday 5th March – BGS Keyworth Rocks, fossils and soils Tuesday 17th March – BGS Keyworth Plate tectonics, volcanoes and earthquakes Relative topics public engagement

05.12.2025 – The European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change, established under the European Climate Law, will continue to be supported in its second term (2026-2030) by Ottmar Edenhofer. The Director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) has now been appointed by the Management Board of the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen for another four-year term on the Advisory Board, beginning on 24 March 2026. Advising EU policymakers on the path to the declared goal of climate neutrality: PIK Director Ottmar Edenhofer. Photo: PIK/Karkow The Advisory Board gives independent advice and produces reports on EU policies, and their coherence with the Climate Law and the EU’s commitments under the Paris Agreement. It consists of 15 high-level scientific experts covering a wide range of relevant fields. Edenhofer is serving as the Advisory Board’s current Chair during its first term (2022-2026). Highlights during this period have included scientific recommendations for an ambitious EU climate target for 2040, an analysis of the action needed to achieve climate neutrality, and a study on scaling up atmospheric carbon removals. “I am very thankful for the great opportunity to continue supporting EU climate policy in this service role for the next four years,” says Edenhofer, who is also Professor for The Economics and Politics of Climate Change at the Technische Universität Berlin. “The European Union has taken some important steps in recent years towards its declared goal of climate neutrality by 2050. It remains important to make climate policy cost-effective, socially balanced and consistent with the requirements of an internationally competitive economy. As a member of the Advisory Board, I will do my best to provide scientific advice to policymakers on this task.” The composition of the Advisory Board for the next four-year term has now been decided through an open, fair and transparent selection process lasting several months. The decision on who will chair the body in future is not expected until beginning of the second term. The other members of the Advisory Board in the second term are: • Annela Anger-Kraavi – University of Cambridge • Constantinos Cartalis – National and Kapodistrian University of Athens • Suraje Dessai – University of Leeds’ School of Earth, Environment, and Sustainability • Laura Díaz Anadón – University of Cambridge • Vera Eory – Scotland’s Rural College • Lena Kitzing - Technical University of Denmark • Kati Kulovesi – University of Eastern Finland • Lars J. Nilsson – Lund University • Åsa Persson – KTH Royal Institute of Technology’s Climate Action Centre • Keywan Riahi – International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis • Jean-François Soussana – French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment • Giorgio Vacchiano – University of Milan • Detlef van Vuuren – PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency • Zinta Zommers – University of Toronto

Join us for Geo-Explorers, our brand new after-school kids’ club for children aged eight to eleven based at our main campus in Keyworth, Nottinghamshire. The clubs run in five-week cohorts and cost £30 for all five sessions. Courses will run between 16:00 and 17:00 on: Programme 1 – 25 February to 25 March Programme 2 – 22 April to 20 May Relative topics public engagement

CSIRO has launched(external link) the Energy Rating Finder, which shows how your home’s thermal shell performs – the walls, floors, roof, windows and insulation. The ratings are from the Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme(external link) (NatHERS) assessments, which is Australia’s national scheme for measuring the energy performance of homes. How the Energy Rating Finder works: enter your address if data is available, you’ll get your home’s energy-efficiency star rating out of 10. Understanding your rating is a practical first step towards improving home energy performance. It also supports Australia’s transition to net zero. You can help CSIRO shape the next phase of the Energy Rating Finder’s development, by sharing your feedback about the Finder and future plans to make bulk downloadable data available and extend coverage to existing homes. To read about the Energy Rating Finder and share feedback, visit Energy Rating Finder.(external link) Read more Share your feedback on the Energy Rating Finder(external link) NatHERS(external link)

AIMS scientists monitor Australia’s tropical marine ecosystems up close and personal in the water but also from a distance via satellite and from computer screens. They provide the public, managers, industry and other scientists with real time and historical data on ocean health by monitoring in water temperatures, ocean currents and waves, water chemistry, and meteorological conditions. To achieve this, AIMS and partners have established an interlinked network of weather stations, moorings, buoys and other sensor-loaded devices to collect data, and assembled a team of oceanographers to coordinate efforts, and analyse and interpret the information. It’s a complex task, made more difficult by the remote locations of some of the weather stations, moorings and buoys, and the marine life all around it. “The instruments we use operate in difficult environments and can get damaged – a tenacious barnacle can ruin months of data,” said AIMS Oceanography and Shelf Processes Team Lead Simon Spagnol, who oversees a network of buoys and moorings as part of AIMS’ work with IMOS (Integrated Marine Observing System). The AIMS weather station at Davies Reef in the Great Barrier Reef IMAGE Marie Roman “You might put down a wire as thick as your thumb but when you pull it out it might have quadrupled in diameter due to barnacles and other sea creatures becoming attached. This can mess with sensors and prevent you from collecting important data. “There are some easy fixes, like applying zinc cream or copper tape to prevent encrustations. It is important to be in problem solving mode to ensure you can collect the best data for as long as possible from these instruments.” Extreme weather Other impediments to data collection include severe weather events, such as cyclones which have been known to wipe out infrastructure and sensors for long periods. Examples include Cyclone Yasi toppling the station at Myrmidon Reef in February 2011, Cyclone Kirrily damaging Myrmidon again in 2024, and Cyclone Debbie damaging equipment at the Hardy Reef weather station in March 2017. And of course, these kinds of events tend to drive traffic to the AIMS website as people monitor conditions in real time. AIMS Marine Observation Coordinator Dr Bozena Wojtasiewicz said: “People want to know what is happening and the weather stations provide a live feed of in-water temperatures, wind, air temperature, humidity, rainfall and light, as well as a webcam in some cases. “We get about 500,000 hits to our weather station web pages every year. When a weather station goes down, we are contacted very quickly. At Ningaloo for example, we know tourism operators are looking at the read outs there daily at certain times of year because they are onto us whenever any element goes down. “It is good to know these instruments and sensors are supporting marine safety and tourism as well as providing scientific data so we can understand these environments better.” Dr Wojtasiewicz also coordinates the distribution and collection of approximately 300 temperature loggers helping gather data on sea temperatures on Australia’s reefs. These are positioned on reef slopes and flats by AIMS researchers across multiple teams and by collaborators. They are exchanged annually and more frequently if there is a coral bleaching event. “These loggers help us to understand the water temperature variability on reefs. Underway systems backing up satellites “Even our research vessels have underway systems on them with the ability to measure temperature, salinity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and turbidity. “In the summer, when there is often higher cloud cover, we cannot access the sea surface temperature data assisted by satellites. So, the underway systems provide some data where there might not be any. “Our research vessels also transfer through areas where we have scant observations. The data can be used by modellers to help improve model accuracy, especially in the northern Australia area, because it is so remote. “The RV Solander regularly travels to the North West Shelf, passes through Northern Territory waters and the Torres Strait. These areas don’t have many observations, even though we know they have some really interesting oceanographic features and processes. That’s why we’re keen to learn more about them, and why it’s such an important region to collect data.” AIMS physical oceanographer Dr Jessica Benthuysen, an expert in marine heatwaves, said it was vital to capture ocean temperature information as comprehensively as possible. “Ocean temperature is one of the fundamental properties of the marine environment. If waters become too hot for too long, it can have consequences for species survival,” she said. The 2024 mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef was one of the most serious and extensive on record IMAGE Grace Frank “Fishes have the potential to escape to cooler waters, but for corals, there is no escape from marine heatwaves. Heat stress causes corals to bleach and die. That is why we need to understand what is changing about marine heatwaves and what is driving these changes. “Warming temperatures also have consequences on water quality and chemistry. Warming temperatures at the surface can lead to increased stratification, which can result in algal blooms.” Dr Benthuysen uses products from the Bureau of Meteorology and NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) alongside data from the weather stations and IMOS and AIMS moorings to monitor marine conditions and temperatures throughout the summer. She is also part of a collaborative effort across universities and government agencies to monitor conditions at key times and locations using IMOS Event Based Sampling's ocean gliders – autonomous and sensor packed devices that look like a bright yellow rocket. The IMOS Event Based Sampling's ocean gliders are autonomous and help researchers monitor conditions at key times in key locations IMAGE Nick Thake/UWA “Using all these products helps us to incorporate weather conditions, currents and winds to feed into models to help us make predictions and untangle the main causes of marine heatwaves that are causing coral bleaching events. We are trying to understand when and where the maximum temperatures will occur on the reefs, and how deep they will go. “As our predictions improve in their accuracy, it will help management agencies around Australia make more informed decisions on how they can protect and restore marine environments affected by marine heatwaves.”