Report The Panel agreed on the outline of the 2027 IPCC Methodology Report on Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies, Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Additional guidance) at its 63rd Session held in Lima, Peru from 27-30 October 2025 (Decision IPCC-LXIII-6). The report will be a single Methodology Report comprising an Overview Chapter and six volumes consistent with the format of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The structure of the Methodology Report is consistent with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines so as to make it easier for inventory compilers to use this Methodology Report with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Topics that will be addressed include: Transport, injection and sequestering of CO2 in relation to enhanced oil, gas, and coal-bed methane recovery Production of products containing or derived from captured and/or removed CO2 Carbonation of cement and lime-based structures Soil carbon sinks and related emissions enhanced through biochar and weathering and other elements Coastal wetlands carbon dioxide removal types not in previous IPCC Guidelines as well as additional information on mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass in coastal waters Durable biomass products Carbon dioxide capture from combustion and process gases Direct air capture Carbon dioxide utilisation Carbon dioxide transport including cross border issues Carbon dioxide injection and storage CO2 removal through direct capture of CO2 from water already processed by inland and coastal facilities; and related elements across the range of categories of the IPCC Guidelines. The national greenhouse gas inventory includes sources and sinks occurring within the territory over which a country has jurisdiction. Over 150 experts are expected to participate in the writing process, which will be completed by 2027. The participants will be selected by the Task Force Bureau taking into account scientific and technical expertise, geographical and gender balance to the extent possible in line with Appendix A to the Principles Governing IPCC Work. The First Lead Authors’ meeting will be held in Rome, Italy, in April 2026. Preparatory Work The decision by the Panel to prepare this Methodology Report was informed by the work of experts at the scoping meeting held in Copenhagen, Denmark, from 14-16 October 2024. Prior to the scoping meeting, an expert meeting was held at Vienna, Austria 1-3 July 2024. These meetings considered Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods mentioned in the AR6 WGIII Report as a starting point for discussion and noted that several CDR activities have been already covered by the existing IPCC Guidelines. More Information The IPCC Secretary has written to national government focal points inviting nominations of authors by 12 December 2025.

Fast Facts Medicaid programs that cover prescription drugs are generally required to cover drugs that are (1) FDA approved and (2) made by a manufacturer that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. 13 Medicaid programs didn’t cover Mifeprex and its generic equivalent, Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, when required. These drugs are used for medical abortion. We recommended the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ensure Medicaid programs comply with federal requirements for covering Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. We also reiterated our 2019 recommendation on Mifeprex, which hasn’t been implemented. White pills spilling from a pill bottle. Skip to Highlights Highlights What GAO Found Medicaid programs that choose to cover outpatient prescription drugs are required to cover all Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs for their medically accepted indications when those drugs are made by a manufacturer that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program (MDRP), except as outlined in federal law. The FDA has approved two drugs—Mifeprex in 2000 and its generic equivalent in 2019, referred to as Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg—for the medical termination of an intrauterine pregnancy, known as a medical abortion. Danco Laboratories and GenBioPro are the exclusive manufacturers of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, respectively, and both manufacturers participate in the MDRP. Medicaid programs in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico cover prescription drugs and participate in the MDRP. According to officials from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)—the federal agency within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) responsible for ensuring Medicaid programs’ compliance—none of the MDRP’s statutory exceptions apply to Mifeprex or Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. Thus, these 52 Medicaid programs must cover these drugs when prescribed for medical abortion in circumstances eligible for federal funding, such as when the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest. GAO identified gaps in Medicaid programs’ coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. Officials from 35 of the 49 programs who responded to GAO questions said their programs covered Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg for medical abortion, as of December 31, 2024. In contrast, officials from 13 programs told GAO their programs did not cover either drug for medical abortion. An official from the remaining program did not specify the medical indications for which its program covered the drugs. Medicaid Programs’ Coverage of Danco Laboratories’ Mifeprex and GenBioPro’s Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, as of December 31, 2024 Note: For more details, see fig. 1 in GAO-25-107911. State officials’ responses to GAO’s questions indicated that some states may not be complying with the MDRP requirements for covering Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. However, CMS has not determined the extent to which states comply with the MDRP requirements for these drugs. CMS officials told GAO they were not aware of the following: Nine programs did not cover Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg for any medical indication, as of December 31, 2024; GAO reported four of these programs did not cover Mifeprex in 2019. Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg was not available at the time of GAO’s 2019 report. Four additional Medicaid programs did not cover either drug when prescribed for medical abortion, as of December 31, 2024. CMS was not aware of these coverage gaps, in part, because it had not implemented GAO’s 2019 recommendation to take actions to ensure Medicaid programs comply with MDRP requirements to cover Mifeprex. CMS also has not taken actions related to the coverage of Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, as of August 2025. Without such actions, CMS lacks assurance that Medicaid programs comply with MDRP requirements and Medicaid beneficiaries may lack access to these drugs when appropriate. Why GAO Did This Study GAO was asked to describe Medicaid programs’ coverage of mifepristone. This report examines Medicaid programs’ coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, among other things. GAO reviewed laws and CMS guidance on the MDRP, and coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. GAO also sent written questions to officials from the 52 Medicaid programs that participate in the MDRP regarding their coverage of these drugs, and reviewed officials’ responses from the 49 programs that provided GAO information. Recommendations GAO reiterates its 2019 recommendation that CMS take actions to ensure states’ compliance with MDRP requirements to cover Mifeprex. GAO also recommends that CMS determine the extent to which states comply with federal Medicaid requirements regarding coverage of GenBioPro’s Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, and take actions, as appropriate, to ensure compliance. In response to the recommendation, HHS noted it is reviewing applicable law and will determine the best course of action to address it moving forward. Recommendations for Executive Action Agency Affected Recommendation Status Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services The Administrator of CMS should determine the extent to which states comply with federal Medicaid requirements regarding coverage of GenBioPro's Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, and take actions, as appropriate, to ensure compliance. (Recommendation 1) Open Actions to satisfy the intent of the recommendation have not been taken or are being planned. When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information. Full Report Full Report (11 pages)

05.12.2025 – The European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change, established under the European Climate Law, will continue to be supported in its second term (2026-2030) by Ottmar Edenhofer. The Director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) has now been appointed by the Management Board of the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen for another four-year term on the Advisory Board, beginning on 24 March 2026. Advising EU policymakers on the path to the declared goal of climate neutrality: PIK Director Ottmar Edenhofer. Photo: PIK/Karkow The Advisory Board gives independent advice and produces reports on EU policies, and their coherence with the Climate Law and the EU’s commitments under the Paris Agreement. It consists of 15 high-level scientific experts covering a wide range of relevant fields. Edenhofer is serving as the Advisory Board’s current Chair during its first term (2022-2026). Highlights during this period have included scientific recommendations for an ambitious EU climate target for 2040, an analysis of the action needed to achieve climate neutrality, and a study on scaling up atmospheric carbon removals. “I am very thankful for the great opportunity to continue supporting EU climate policy in this service role for the next four years,” says Edenhofer, who is also Professor for The Economics and Politics of Climate Change at the Technische Universität Berlin. “The European Union has taken some important steps in recent years towards its declared goal of climate neutrality by 2050. It remains important to make climate policy cost-effective, socially balanced and consistent with the requirements of an internationally competitive economy. As a member of the Advisory Board, I will do my best to provide scientific advice to policymakers on this task.” The composition of the Advisory Board for the next four-year term has now been decided through an open, fair and transparent selection process lasting several months. The decision on who will chair the body in future is not expected until beginning of the second term. The other members of the Advisory Board in the second term are: • Annela Anger-Kraavi – University of Cambridge • Constantinos Cartalis – National and Kapodistrian University of Athens • Suraje Dessai – University of Leeds’ School of Earth, Environment, and Sustainability • Laura Díaz Anadón – University of Cambridge • Vera Eory – Scotland’s Rural College • Lena Kitzing - Technical University of Denmark • Kati Kulovesi – University of Eastern Finland • Lars J. Nilsson – Lund University • Åsa Persson – KTH Royal Institute of Technology’s Climate Action Centre • Keywan Riahi – International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis • Jean-François Soussana – French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment • Giorgio Vacchiano – University of Milan • Detlef van Vuuren – PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency • Zinta Zommers – University of Toronto

Release Date: January 8, 2026 RED BLUFF, Calif. – The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has delivered preliminary flood maps for Tehama County and the City of Red Bluff, California. The maps identify revised flood hazards along seven streams throughout Tehama County. The new maps will help building officials, contractors, and homeowners make effective mitigation decisions, thereby contributing to safer and more disaster resilient communities. Before the new Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) become effective, there is a 90-day appeal period from January 22, 2026 to April 22, 2026. During that time, residents or businesses with supporting technical and scientific information, such as detailed hydraulic or hydrologic data, can appeal the flood risk information on the preliminary maps, which can be viewed at hazards.fema.gov/femaportal/prelimdownload/. Flood hazards are dynamic and change frequently for many reasons, including weather patterns, erosion, and community development. Officials from FEMA and Tehama County worked together to provide updated information that accurately reflects the flood risk. These changes may also affect future building standards or insurance requirements. The local mapping project is part of a national effort led by FEMA to increase local knowledge of flood risks and support actions to address and reduce the effects of flooding on new and improved structures. FEMA encourages residents to review the preliminary flood maps to learn about local flood risks, potential future flood insurance requirements, and identify any concerns or questions about the information provided. Risk of flooding affects almost every corner of the nation. In total, 98% of counties have experienced a flood event, which makes floods the most common and widespread of all weather-related natural disasters. For more information, contact Patrick Ewald at the Tehama County Building Department at (530) 527-7002 or pewald@tehama.gov. ### FEMA’s mission is helping people before, during, and after disasters. Follow FEMA Region 9 online at x/femaregion9. Download Press Release PDF Accessible TXT Tags: Region 9 California Flood Maps

Abstract Paleoenvironmental reconstructions in southern Africa have often relied on isolated or fragmentary records, limiting our understanding of ecosystem dynamics during the Middle Stone Age (c. 300–40 ka). Here, we reassess vegetation and climate change between Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 5 and 3 using high-resolution pollen records from two deep-sea cores—MD96-2048 (eastern margin) and MD96-2098 (western margin)—and contextualize these data with other marine (MD20-3592; 3CD154-17-17K) and terrestrial records. The pollen sequences reveal coherent, regionally synchronous trends: glacial periods were cooler and wetter, reflected in the expansion of Fynbos and Afromontane Forest, while interglacials were drier, marked by forest retreat and Nama-Karoo spread. In contrast to terrestrial records, which often reflect localized and inconsistent patterns due to taphonomic and ecological factors, these offshore archives provide a robust sub-continental signal. Comparisons with archaeological data suggest that the Still Bay (SB) technocomplex emerged near the MIS 5a/4 transition, during a humid phase of elevated environmental productivity. The Howiesons Poort (HP) technocomplex appeared slightly later ( ~ 68–64 ka), under conditions of climatic instability and ecological fragmentation. These contrasting ecological backdrops imply that cultural change was not driven by climate alone, but by complex interactions between environmental variability, technological innovation, and population connectivity. Data availability Supplementary data cited in this work are freely available at the following link: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30436759. Data on the Howiesons Poort and Still Bay chronologies provided in Supplementary Data 1 can also be accessed directly from the original publication: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09154-0. References Blinkhorn, J. et al. Evaluating refugia in recent human evolution in Africa. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 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Research by MFSG and FD is supported by the Grand Programme de Recherche ‘Human Past’ of the Initiative d’Excellence (IdEx) at the University of Bordeaux. FD’s research is also supported by the University of Bordeaux Talents Programme (grant number: 191022_001) and the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme, SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), project number 262618. Funding Open access funding provided by University of Bergen. Author information Authors and Affiliations Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 5805, Pessac, France Sara García-Morato & María Fernanda Sánchez-Goñi Instituto de Historia. Departamento de Arqueología y Procesos Sociales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain Sara García-Morato Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), PSL University, Paris, France María Fernanda Sánchez-Goñi Global Systems Institute, Department of Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Dunia H. Urrego Université de Bordeaux, De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Unité Mixte de Recherche, Pessac, France Francesco d’Errico SFF Center for Early Sapiens Behaviour (Sapien CE), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Francesco d’Errico Authors Sara García-Morato View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar María Fernanda Sánchez-Goñi View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Dunia H. Urrego View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Francesco d’Errico View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Contributions Sara García-Morato: developed the study design, sourced and collected the data, analysed the data and created the figures, led the writing of the manuscript, discussed results, contributed to the manuscript prior to submission. María Fernanda Sánchez-Goñi: supervisor, developed the study design, discussed results, contributed to the manuscript prior to submission. Dunia H. Urrego: discussed results, contributed to the manuscript prior to submission. Francesco d’Errico: developed the study design, discussed results, contributed to the manuscript prior to submission. Corresponding authors Correspondence to Sara García-Morato or Francesco d’Errico. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Peer review Peer review information Communications Earth & Environment thanks Jessica Zappa and Peng Lu for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editors: Yama Dixit, Joe Aslin and Alice Drinkwater. A peer review file is available. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information Transparent Peer Review file Supplementary Information 1 description of additional supplementary files Supplementary Data 1 Supplementary Data 2 Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article García-Morato, S., Sánchez-Goñi, M.F., Urrego, D.H. et al. Climatic variability, vegetation dynamics, and cultural innovation in Southern Africa during the Middle Stone Age. Commun Earth Environ (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03051-0 Download citation Received: 04 August 2025 Accepted: 18 November 2025 Published: 08 January 2026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03051-0 Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy shareable link to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Subjects Archaeology Palaeoclimate Palaeoecology

Abstract Distillation is the most energy-consuming unit operation of the chemical industry, however, its decarbonization strategy necessitates laborious manual process simulation, optimization and carbon emission accounting. Here we established a reasoning agent consisting of a large language model (LLM) and an extensive tool set to automate learning material collection, process simulation, optimization and carbon emission accounting of a representative methanol and ethanol distillation case study. Then the agent automatically constructed a heat pump-assisted distillation process to save energy. The impact of three energy supply scenarios on the carbon emissions of distillation, namely, coal, natural gas and renewables, was evaluated. Combining the heat pump-assisted process and renewables could substantially reduce the carbon emission by 98% compared with the coal-based traditional distillation process. This study explored using reasoning agents to automate carbon emission and decarbonization intervention quantification, and facilitated high-resolution carbon emission models of the industry. Data availability The data and prompts used for the study were all disclosed in the paper and the Supplementary data. Code availability The code used to generate the results was available from the following link upon request: https://github.com/TSH-AI/Aspen-AI References Cullen, L., Meng, F., Lupton, R. & Cullen, J. M. Reducing uncertainties in greenhouse gas emissions from chemical production. Nat. Chem. Eng. 1, 311–322 (2024). Google Scholar Meng, F. et al. Planet-compatible pathways for transitioning the chemical industry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2218294120 (2023). Google Scholar Gao, Y. Integrating interdisciplinary models to identify hotspots and inform decarbonization strategy. Cell Rep. Sustain. 1, 100266 (2024). Google Scholar Levi, P. G. & Cullen, J. M. 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Authors and Affiliations Center for Low-Carbon Conversion Science & Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Sihan Tan, Hai Zhou, Yihang Xie, Guofei Shen, Yunhu Gao, Qun Shen & Wei Wei State Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis and Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Sihan Tan, Hai Zhou, Yihang Xie, Guofei Shen, Yunhu Gao, Qun Shen & Wei Wei University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Sihan Tan, Yunhu Gao & Wei Wei PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Xiaochi Zhou College of Smart Energy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China Zhimian Hao Sinopec Engineering Incorporation, Anhuibeili Chaoyang District, Beijing, China Liwei Cao Authors Sihan Tan View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Xiaochi Zhou View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Hai Zhou View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Zhimian Hao View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Yihang Xie View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Liwei Cao View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Guofei Shen View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Yunhu Gao View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Qun Shen View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Wei Wei View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Contributions S.T. wrote the code and prompts. X.Z. was responsible for the MCP tools. H.Z. built the RAG. Y.X. drew the figures. Z.H., L.C., G.S., and Q.S. contributed to agent establishment. Y.G. wrote the manuscript, acquired funding, supervised, and conceptualized the study. W.W. supervised the project and acquired funding. All the authors revised the manuscript. Corresponding authors Correspondence to Yunhu Gao, Qun Shen or Wei Wei. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare the following competing interests: X.Z. is hired by PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Co., Ltd., and L.C. is hired by Sinopec Engineering Incorporation. Peer review Peer review information Communications Engineering thanks Erik Esche and Karoline Dantas Brito for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editors: [Wenjie Wang, Rosamund Daw]. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information Supplementary Information Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Tan, S., Zhou, X., Zhou, H. et al. Reasoning-agent-driven process simulation, optimization, carbon accounting and decarbonization of distillation. Commun Eng (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-025-00583-3 Download citation Received: 21 August 2025 Accepted: 23 December 2025 Published: 08 January 2026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-025-00583-3 Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 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Abstract Natural hazards are intensifying globally, necessitating public emergency preparedness to safeguard individuals and society. Yet, many citizens remain inadequately prepared. Here, we synthesized the current knowledge on public emergency preparedness by conducting a series of meta-analyses across 33 socio-psychological correlates of preparedness and their interplay in meta-analytic structural equation modeling. The dataset included 1,123 effect sizes from 167 independent samples spanning three decades, 30 countries, and 110,683 individuals facing hazards such as heatwaves and earthquakes. Results identified four key factors of public (un)preparedness: (1) social norms regarding preparedness, (2) efficacy beliefs and attitudes toward specific preparedness actions, preliminary – (3) information dissemination sources, and (4) barriers to preparedness. Notably, the effects considerably varied across studies. For researchers, we recommend refined conceptualizations and measurements of preparedness and focus on heat-related hazards. For practitioners, this synthesis provides insights to improve risk communication, inform policy decisions, and build resilient communities. Data availability The data are publicly available on OSF https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/YXHNJ. Code availability Code to replicate the main analyses is available on OSF https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/YXHNJ. References Nohrstedt, D., Mondino, E., Di Baldassarre, G. & Parker, C. F. Assessing the myth of disaster risk reduction in the wake of catastrophic floods. Npj Nat. Hazards 1, 1–5 (2024). Google Scholar Bamberg, S., Masson, T., Brewitt, K. & Nemetschek, N. Threat, coping and flood prevention – A meta-analysis. J. Environ. Psychol. 54, 116–126 (2017). Google Scholar Huang, S.-K., Lindell, M. K. & Prater, C. S. Who leaves and who stays? A review and statistical meta-analysis of hurricane evacuation studies. Environ. 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Massicotte P., South A. rnaturalearth: World Map Data from Natural Earth (2025). R package version 1.1.0.9000, https://docs.ropensci.org/rnaturalearth/. Download references Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (FORMAS), grant number 2022-01871. We thank Nan Zhao for his help in various stages of this research. We thank Niklas Harring for discussions, Lisa Effenberg, Sorenza Guérin, Erik Hallberg, Jorge Alberto Elgueta Rodríguez, Isak Sandlund for their assistance. We thank the editors and anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback, and the authors of the primary studies for sharing their data. Funding Open access funding provided by University of Gothenburg. Author information Authors and Affiliations Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Sofiia Skipor & Magnus Bergquist Authors Sofiia Skipor View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Magnus Bergquist View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Contributions S.S.: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, formal analyses, visualization, writing – original draft, review & editing. M.B.: conceptualization, methodology, resources, writing – review & editing, project administration, funding acquisition. Corresponding author Correspondence to Sofiia Skipor. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Peer review Peer review information Communications Earth and Environment thanks Berna Burçak Başbuğ Erkan, Ayse Yildiz and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editors: Marie Claire Brisbois and Martina Grecequet. [A peer review file is available]. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information Transparent Peer Review file Supplementary Materials Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Skipor, S., Bergquist, M. Meta-analytic evidence identifies efficacy beliefs and social norms as key correlates of public emergency preparedness. Commun Earth Environ (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03151-x Download citation Received: 08 January 2025 Accepted: 18 December 2025 Published: 08 January 2026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03151-x Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 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Regis Resources has delivered a record quarterly cash and bullion build of $255 million for the December 2025 quarter, lifting its total balance to $930 million. This cash and bullion increase was achieved after the payment of $38 million in dividends during the quarter, highlighting Regis’ ability to generate strong margins while maintaining shareholder returns. Total group gold production for this quarter totalled 96,600 ounces, bringing Regis’ first half of the 2026 financial year (FY26) output to 186,900 ounces. Production remains in line with the company’s full-year guidance of 350-380 thousand ounces (koz), underpinned by stable performance across its Duketon and Tropicana operations. At Duketon, Regis produced 57,600 ounces in the December quarter, while Tropicana contributed a further 39,000 ounces. The strong result follows the company’s announcement that it will extend operations at its Duketon North gold project in Western Australia thanks to growth at the Buckingham and Wellington open pit mines. Regis added that the company will provide further details on its operational and financial performance, including all-in sustaining costs, with the release of its full December quarterly results on January 22. The company will also be hosting a quarterly results conference call at 11 am on the same day. Subscribe to Australian Mining and receive the latest news on product announcements, industry developments, commodities and more.