Report The Panel agreed on the outline of the 2027 IPCC Methodology Report on Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies, Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Additional guidance) at its 63rd Session held in Lima, Peru from 27-30 October 2025 (Decision IPCC-LXIII-6). The report will be a single Methodology Report comprising an Overview Chapter and six volumes consistent with the format of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The structure of the Methodology Report is consistent with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines so as to make it easier for inventory compilers to use this Methodology Report with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Topics that will be addressed include: Transport, injection and sequestering of CO2 in relation to enhanced oil, gas, and coal-bed methane recovery Production of products containing or derived from captured and/or removed CO2 Carbonation of cement and lime-based structures Soil carbon sinks and related emissions enhanced through biochar and weathering and other elements Coastal wetlands carbon dioxide removal types not in previous IPCC Guidelines as well as additional information on mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass in coastal waters Durable biomass products Carbon dioxide capture from combustion and process gases Direct air capture Carbon dioxide utilisation Carbon dioxide transport including cross border issues Carbon dioxide injection and storage CO2 removal through direct capture of CO2 from water already processed by inland and coastal facilities; and related elements across the range of categories of the IPCC Guidelines. The national greenhouse gas inventory includes sources and sinks occurring within the territory over which a country has jurisdiction. Over 150 experts are expected to participate in the writing process, which will be completed by 2027. The participants will be selected by the Task Force Bureau taking into account scientific and technical expertise, geographical and gender balance to the extent possible in line with Appendix A to the Principles Governing IPCC Work. The First Lead Authors’ meeting will be held in Rome, Italy, in April 2026. Preparatory Work The decision by the Panel to prepare this Methodology Report was informed by the work of experts at the scoping meeting held in Copenhagen, Denmark, from 14-16 October 2024. Prior to the scoping meeting, an expert meeting was held at Vienna, Austria 1-3 July 2024. These meetings considered Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods mentioned in the AR6 WGIII Report as a starting point for discussion and noted that several CDR activities have been already covered by the existing IPCC Guidelines. More Information The IPCC Secretary has written to national government focal points inviting nominations of authors by 12 December 2025.

Fast Facts Medicaid programs that cover prescription drugs are generally required to cover drugs that are (1) FDA approved and (2) made by a manufacturer that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. 13 Medicaid programs didn’t cover Mifeprex and its generic equivalent, Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, when required. These drugs are used for medical abortion. We recommended the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ensure Medicaid programs comply with federal requirements for covering Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. We also reiterated our 2019 recommendation on Mifeprex, which hasn’t been implemented. White pills spilling from a pill bottle. Skip to Highlights Highlights What GAO Found Medicaid programs that choose to cover outpatient prescription drugs are required to cover all Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs for their medically accepted indications when those drugs are made by a manufacturer that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program (MDRP), except as outlined in federal law. The FDA has approved two drugs—Mifeprex in 2000 and its generic equivalent in 2019, referred to as Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg—for the medical termination of an intrauterine pregnancy, known as a medical abortion. Danco Laboratories and GenBioPro are the exclusive manufacturers of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, respectively, and both manufacturers participate in the MDRP. Medicaid programs in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico cover prescription drugs and participate in the MDRP. According to officials from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)—the federal agency within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) responsible for ensuring Medicaid programs’ compliance—none of the MDRP’s statutory exceptions apply to Mifeprex or Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. Thus, these 52 Medicaid programs must cover these drugs when prescribed for medical abortion in circumstances eligible for federal funding, such as when the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest. GAO identified gaps in Medicaid programs’ coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. Officials from 35 of the 49 programs who responded to GAO questions said their programs covered Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg for medical abortion, as of December 31, 2024. In contrast, officials from 13 programs told GAO their programs did not cover either drug for medical abortion. An official from the remaining program did not specify the medical indications for which its program covered the drugs. Medicaid Programs’ Coverage of Danco Laboratories’ Mifeprex and GenBioPro’s Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, as of December 31, 2024 Note: For more details, see fig. 1 in GAO-25-107911. State officials’ responses to GAO’s questions indicated that some states may not be complying with the MDRP requirements for covering Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. However, CMS has not determined the extent to which states comply with the MDRP requirements for these drugs. CMS officials told GAO they were not aware of the following: Nine programs did not cover Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg for any medical indication, as of December 31, 2024; GAO reported four of these programs did not cover Mifeprex in 2019. Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg was not available at the time of GAO’s 2019 report. Four additional Medicaid programs did not cover either drug when prescribed for medical abortion, as of December 31, 2024. CMS was not aware of these coverage gaps, in part, because it had not implemented GAO’s 2019 recommendation to take actions to ensure Medicaid programs comply with MDRP requirements to cover Mifeprex. CMS also has not taken actions related to the coverage of Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, as of August 2025. Without such actions, CMS lacks assurance that Medicaid programs comply with MDRP requirements and Medicaid beneficiaries may lack access to these drugs when appropriate. Why GAO Did This Study GAO was asked to describe Medicaid programs’ coverage of mifepristone. This report examines Medicaid programs’ coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, among other things. GAO reviewed laws and CMS guidance on the MDRP, and coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. GAO also sent written questions to officials from the 52 Medicaid programs that participate in the MDRP regarding their coverage of these drugs, and reviewed officials’ responses from the 49 programs that provided GAO information. Recommendations GAO reiterates its 2019 recommendation that CMS take actions to ensure states’ compliance with MDRP requirements to cover Mifeprex. GAO also recommends that CMS determine the extent to which states comply with federal Medicaid requirements regarding coverage of GenBioPro’s Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, and take actions, as appropriate, to ensure compliance. In response to the recommendation, HHS noted it is reviewing applicable law and will determine the best course of action to address it moving forward. Recommendations for Executive Action Agency Affected Recommendation Status Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services The Administrator of CMS should determine the extent to which states comply with federal Medicaid requirements regarding coverage of GenBioPro's Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, and take actions, as appropriate, to ensure compliance. (Recommendation 1) Open Actions to satisfy the intent of the recommendation have not been taken or are being planned. When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information. Full Report Full Report (11 pages)

05.12.2025 – The European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change, established under the European Climate Law, will continue to be supported in its second term (2026-2030) by Ottmar Edenhofer. The Director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) has now been appointed by the Management Board of the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen for another four-year term on the Advisory Board, beginning on 24 March 2026. Advising EU policymakers on the path to the declared goal of climate neutrality: PIK Director Ottmar Edenhofer. Photo: PIK/Karkow The Advisory Board gives independent advice and produces reports on EU policies, and their coherence with the Climate Law and the EU’s commitments under the Paris Agreement. It consists of 15 high-level scientific experts covering a wide range of relevant fields. Edenhofer is serving as the Advisory Board’s current Chair during its first term (2022-2026). Highlights during this period have included scientific recommendations for an ambitious EU climate target for 2040, an analysis of the action needed to achieve climate neutrality, and a study on scaling up atmospheric carbon removals. “I am very thankful for the great opportunity to continue supporting EU climate policy in this service role for the next four years,” says Edenhofer, who is also Professor for The Economics and Politics of Climate Change at the Technische Universität Berlin. “The European Union has taken some important steps in recent years towards its declared goal of climate neutrality by 2050. It remains important to make climate policy cost-effective, socially balanced and consistent with the requirements of an internationally competitive economy. As a member of the Advisory Board, I will do my best to provide scientific advice to policymakers on this task.” The composition of the Advisory Board for the next four-year term has now been decided through an open, fair and transparent selection process lasting several months. The decision on who will chair the body in future is not expected until beginning of the second term. The other members of the Advisory Board in the second term are: • Annela Anger-Kraavi – University of Cambridge • Constantinos Cartalis – National and Kapodistrian University of Athens • Suraje Dessai – University of Leeds’ School of Earth, Environment, and Sustainability • Laura Díaz Anadón – University of Cambridge • Vera Eory – Scotland’s Rural College • Lena Kitzing - Technical University of Denmark • Kati Kulovesi – University of Eastern Finland • Lars J. Nilsson – Lund University • Åsa Persson – KTH Royal Institute of Technology’s Climate Action Centre • Keywan Riahi – International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis • Jean-François Soussana – French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment • Giorgio Vacchiano – University of Milan • Detlef van Vuuren – PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency • Zinta Zommers – University of Toronto

Abstract The central circadian clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) comprises a network of diverse neuronal and glial cell types, yet its operating mechanism remains elusive. Here, by monitoring cellular calcium rhythms in vivo using dual-color fiber photometry in mice lacking vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), we demonstrate that arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons oscillate intrinsically with a short period and reduced amplitude. This indicates that VIP normally amplifies and phase-delays the AVP neuronal rhythm each day, thereby lengthening its period to approximately 24 h in constant darkness. Consistently, the behavioral circadian period is shortened by AVP neuron-specific VIP receptor dysfunction and lengthened by AVP neuron-specific blockade of neurotransmitter release. VIP neurons and other SCN cell types occasionally exhibit weak, unstable, long-period calcium rhythms only when the AVP neuronal oscillation is attenuated due to VIP deficiency or AVP neuron-specific Bmal1 deletion. Given that AVP neurons serve as the primary pacesetter cells of the SCN ensemble rhythm, these results indicate that an SCN neuronal feedback loop (SNFL), composed of the AVP cellular oscillator and VIPergic signaling, is essential for generating robust circadian rhythms.

Abstract Offline aridity and drought diagnostics typically project widespread terrestrial drying under climate change, whereas fully coupled Earth system models (ESMs) often simulate modest or regionally heterogeneous changes—and in some regions increasing—runoff. This long-standing divergence has been attributed largely to missing vegetation physiological effects and the neglect of sub-annual climate variability in offline diagnostic frameworks. Here, we show that a more fundamental issue is the violation of the diagnostic framework’s structural requirement that potential evapotranspiration (PET) and precipitation (P) act as independent climatic constraints. Using Penman and Penman–Monteith formulations, each with and without thermodynamic deflation via the complementary evaporation principle (CEP), we demonstrate that land–atmosphere feedbacks embedded in conventional PET estimates induce strong negative P–PET correlations (−0.45 ± 0.29; mean ± standard deviation) across land surfaces, which collapse toward near zero (−0.02 ± 0.42) after CEP deflation. Preserving PET–P independence substantially reduces inflation of the aridity index and brings offline diagnostic ET trends closer to ESM projections under a strong-emission scenario (from +0.61 to +0.39 mm yr−2; ESM mean: +0.28 mm yr−2). These results indicate that structural inconsistencies—rather than missing physiological processes alone—play a central role in the mismatch between offline diagnostics and ESM hydrology. Ensuring that PET is not inflated by land–atmosphere feedbacks is therefore essential for theoretically valid offline hydrologic assessments under a warming climate. 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Google Scholar Download references Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (RS-2024-00416443). Author information Authors and Affiliations Department of Civil Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk State, Republic of Korea Daeha Kim School of Civil, Architectural Engineering & Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea Minha Choi Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea Minha Choi Authors Daeha Kim View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Minha Choi View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Contributions D.K. conceived the study, performed the calculations, generated the visualizations, drafted the manuscript, and led the interpretation and discussion of the results. M.C. contributed to the discussion, interpretation, and revision of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Corresponding author Correspondence to Minha Choi. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information Supplementary information Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Kim, D., Choi, M. A structural correction to atmospheric evaporative demand narrows the gap between offline aridity diagnostics and Earth system model projections. npj Clim Atmos Sci (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01306-3 Download citation Received: 13 August 2025 Accepted: 19 December 2025 Published: 05 January 2026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01306-3 Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy shareable link to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Subjects Climate sciences Environmental sciences Hydrology

The dedication of the Tiwi Islands Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) has been celebrated at a ceremony in Wurrumiyanga, Northern Territory. IPAs are areas of land and sea Country managed by First Nations groups to protect nature and culture. About the Tiwi Islands IPA: Covers 718,463 hectares of land and sea. Home to 19 threatened plant species and 28 threatened animal species, like the brush-tailed rabbit-rat and Tiwi hooded robin. Important for bush foods and medicines. Helps keep cultural traditions and knowledge alive. The ceremony celebrated the Tiwi community’s leadership in caring for Country. The Tiwi community and Tiwi Rangers, who manage the IPA, have recently been recognised for achieving the world’s largest successful eradication of the Tropical Fire Ant. The Tiwi Land Council will keep working with partners to manage the IPA. IPAs now make up more than half of Australia’s protected land and are helping reach the goal of protecting 30% of land 2030. Read more Indigenous Protected Areas

We, representatives of the major employers of Australia’s business community, support a federal Royal Commission into antisemitism and the tragic events at Bondi Beach on the evening of 14 December 2025. As we return to work after the new year break, we must ensure that shock and grief do not turn into ongoing anger and division, particularly in our workplaces. Workplaces are perhaps the greatest melting pots we have as a country, where people from truly diverse backgrounds come together to work for their common success. Our workplaces are therefore deeply representative of the communities found across our nation, and it follows that we must strive for them to be inclusive. Without sustainably safe and cohesive workplaces and communities, we cannot deliver prosperity for all Australians, which is the ultimate objective underpinning the advocacy and efforts of our organisations. A federal Royal Commission can help us learn and understand what happened, what needs to be done differently and bring us together in the shared goal of preventing future tragedy. A federal approach to a Royal Commission would avoid some of the limitations of a state-based approach and help ensure we bring a whole-of-nation focus to tackling antisemitism. Importantly, the findings and recommendations of such a commission could build on the useful steps already taken by Federal, state and territory Governments around the country. This includes incorporating and building on the findings of the inquiry initiated by the Federal Government headed by Dennis Richardson into the operation of Australia’s intelligence and law enforcement agencies leading up to the Bondi Beach shootings. Australia is not alone in having faced growth in antisemitism. Ultimately, we hope a federal Royal Commission would send a signal to the world that Australia is committed to providing safe and inclusive communities, and intends to lead in overcoming antisemitism. In turn, this signal would help ensure Australia remains a beacon for capital and talent from around the globe, and the best country in which to live, work and raise a family. For these reasons, we support a Royal Commission, with appropriate terms of reference, that integrates with state efforts and has a clear reporting date or dates, to be called as soon as possible. This joint statement is on behalf of: Australian Banking Association Australian Institute of Company Directors Australian Industry Group Australian Retailers Association Business Council of Australia Council of Small Business Organisations Australia Insurance Council of Australia Master Builders Australia Minerals Council of Australia

Abstract Nano-structured optomechanical crystals (OMC) form an interface between mechanical modes with long coherence times and telecom optical photons, ideal for long-distance distribution of quantum information. However, the implementation of scalable quantum networks based on OMCs has been inhibited by thermal mechanical noise. Here, we overcome this limitation using a quasi-two-dimensional OMC and generate single photons via single phonon-photon conversion. In this work, we verify the low thermal noise and high purity of the generated single photons through a Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiment with \({g}^{(2)}(0)=0.3{5}_{-0.08}^{+0.10}\). We perform Hong-Ou-Mandel interference of the emitted photons showcasing the indistinguishability and coherence with visibility V = 0.52 ± 0.15 after 1.43 km fiber delay. Lastly, we use two-photon interference to measure the temporal wavepackets of optomechanically generated single photons demonstrating narrow bandwidths as low as 10 MHz. Our results pave the way for multinode quantum networks of mechanical oscillators and hybrid entanglement generation between mechanical oscillators and telecom quantum emitters.