Report The Panel agreed on the outline of the 2027 IPCC Methodology Report on Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies, Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Additional guidance) at its 63rd Session held in Lima, Peru from 27-30 October 2025 (Decision IPCC-LXIII-6). The report will be a single Methodology Report comprising an Overview Chapter and six volumes consistent with the format of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The structure of the Methodology Report is consistent with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines so as to make it easier for inventory compilers to use this Methodology Report with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Topics that will be addressed include: Transport, injection and sequestering of CO2 in relation to enhanced oil, gas, and coal-bed methane recovery Production of products containing or derived from captured and/or removed CO2 Carbonation of cement and lime-based structures Soil carbon sinks and related emissions enhanced through biochar and weathering and other elements Coastal wetlands carbon dioxide removal types not in previous IPCC Guidelines as well as additional information on mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass in coastal waters Durable biomass products Carbon dioxide capture from combustion and process gases Direct air capture Carbon dioxide utilisation Carbon dioxide transport including cross border issues Carbon dioxide injection and storage CO2 removal through direct capture of CO2 from water already processed by inland and coastal facilities; and related elements across the range of categories of the IPCC Guidelines. The national greenhouse gas inventory includes sources and sinks occurring within the territory over which a country has jurisdiction. Over 150 experts are expected to participate in the writing process, which will be completed by 2027. The participants will be selected by the Task Force Bureau taking into account scientific and technical expertise, geographical and gender balance to the extent possible in line with Appendix A to the Principles Governing IPCC Work. The First Lead Authors’ meeting will be held in Rome, Italy, in April 2026. Preparatory Work The decision by the Panel to prepare this Methodology Report was informed by the work of experts at the scoping meeting held in Copenhagen, Denmark, from 14-16 October 2024. Prior to the scoping meeting, an expert meeting was held at Vienna, Austria 1-3 July 2024. These meetings considered Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods mentioned in the AR6 WGIII Report as a starting point for discussion and noted that several CDR activities have been already covered by the existing IPCC Guidelines. More Information The IPCC Secretary has written to national government focal points inviting nominations of authors by 12 December 2025.

Fast Facts Medicaid programs that cover prescription drugs are generally required to cover drugs that are (1) FDA approved and (2) made by a manufacturer that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. 13 Medicaid programs didn’t cover Mifeprex and its generic equivalent, Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, when required. These drugs are used for medical abortion. We recommended the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ensure Medicaid programs comply with federal requirements for covering Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. We also reiterated our 2019 recommendation on Mifeprex, which hasn’t been implemented. White pills spilling from a pill bottle. Skip to Highlights Highlights What GAO Found Medicaid programs that choose to cover outpatient prescription drugs are required to cover all Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs for their medically accepted indications when those drugs are made by a manufacturer that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program (MDRP), except as outlined in federal law. The FDA has approved two drugs—Mifeprex in 2000 and its generic equivalent in 2019, referred to as Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg—for the medical termination of an intrauterine pregnancy, known as a medical abortion. Danco Laboratories and GenBioPro are the exclusive manufacturers of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, respectively, and both manufacturers participate in the MDRP. Medicaid programs in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico cover prescription drugs and participate in the MDRP. According to officials from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)—the federal agency within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) responsible for ensuring Medicaid programs’ compliance—none of the MDRP’s statutory exceptions apply to Mifeprex or Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. Thus, these 52 Medicaid programs must cover these drugs when prescribed for medical abortion in circumstances eligible for federal funding, such as when the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest. GAO identified gaps in Medicaid programs’ coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. Officials from 35 of the 49 programs who responded to GAO questions said their programs covered Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg for medical abortion, as of December 31, 2024. In contrast, officials from 13 programs told GAO their programs did not cover either drug for medical abortion. An official from the remaining program did not specify the medical indications for which its program covered the drugs. Medicaid Programs’ Coverage of Danco Laboratories’ Mifeprex and GenBioPro’s Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, as of December 31, 2024 Note: For more details, see fig. 1 in GAO-25-107911. State officials’ responses to GAO’s questions indicated that some states may not be complying with the MDRP requirements for covering Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. However, CMS has not determined the extent to which states comply with the MDRP requirements for these drugs. CMS officials told GAO they were not aware of the following: Nine programs did not cover Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg for any medical indication, as of December 31, 2024; GAO reported four of these programs did not cover Mifeprex in 2019. Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg was not available at the time of GAO’s 2019 report. Four additional Medicaid programs did not cover either drug when prescribed for medical abortion, as of December 31, 2024. CMS was not aware of these coverage gaps, in part, because it had not implemented GAO’s 2019 recommendation to take actions to ensure Medicaid programs comply with MDRP requirements to cover Mifeprex. CMS also has not taken actions related to the coverage of Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, as of August 2025. Without such actions, CMS lacks assurance that Medicaid programs comply with MDRP requirements and Medicaid beneficiaries may lack access to these drugs when appropriate. Why GAO Did This Study GAO was asked to describe Medicaid programs’ coverage of mifepristone. This report examines Medicaid programs’ coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, among other things. GAO reviewed laws and CMS guidance on the MDRP, and coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. GAO also sent written questions to officials from the 52 Medicaid programs that participate in the MDRP regarding their coverage of these drugs, and reviewed officials’ responses from the 49 programs that provided GAO information. Recommendations GAO reiterates its 2019 recommendation that CMS take actions to ensure states’ compliance with MDRP requirements to cover Mifeprex. GAO also recommends that CMS determine the extent to which states comply with federal Medicaid requirements regarding coverage of GenBioPro’s Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, and take actions, as appropriate, to ensure compliance. In response to the recommendation, HHS noted it is reviewing applicable law and will determine the best course of action to address it moving forward. Recommendations for Executive Action Agency Affected Recommendation Status Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services The Administrator of CMS should determine the extent to which states comply with federal Medicaid requirements regarding coverage of GenBioPro's Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, and take actions, as appropriate, to ensure compliance. (Recommendation 1) Open Actions to satisfy the intent of the recommendation have not been taken or are being planned. When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information. Full Report Full Report (11 pages)

05.12.2025 – The European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change, established under the European Climate Law, will continue to be supported in its second term (2026-2030) by Ottmar Edenhofer. The Director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) has now been appointed by the Management Board of the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen for another four-year term on the Advisory Board, beginning on 24 March 2026. Advising EU policymakers on the path to the declared goal of climate neutrality: PIK Director Ottmar Edenhofer. Photo: PIK/Karkow The Advisory Board gives independent advice and produces reports on EU policies, and their coherence with the Climate Law and the EU’s commitments under the Paris Agreement. It consists of 15 high-level scientific experts covering a wide range of relevant fields. Edenhofer is serving as the Advisory Board’s current Chair during its first term (2022-2026). Highlights during this period have included scientific recommendations for an ambitious EU climate target for 2040, an analysis of the action needed to achieve climate neutrality, and a study on scaling up atmospheric carbon removals. “I am very thankful for the great opportunity to continue supporting EU climate policy in this service role for the next four years,” says Edenhofer, who is also Professor for The Economics and Politics of Climate Change at the Technische Universität Berlin. “The European Union has taken some important steps in recent years towards its declared goal of climate neutrality by 2050. It remains important to make climate policy cost-effective, socially balanced and consistent with the requirements of an internationally competitive economy. As a member of the Advisory Board, I will do my best to provide scientific advice to policymakers on this task.” The composition of the Advisory Board for the next four-year term has now been decided through an open, fair and transparent selection process lasting several months. The decision on who will chair the body in future is not expected until beginning of the second term. The other members of the Advisory Board in the second term are: • Annela Anger-Kraavi – University of Cambridge • Constantinos Cartalis – National and Kapodistrian University of Athens • Suraje Dessai – University of Leeds’ School of Earth, Environment, and Sustainability • Laura Díaz Anadón – University of Cambridge • Vera Eory – Scotland’s Rural College • Lena Kitzing - Technical University of Denmark • Kati Kulovesi – University of Eastern Finland • Lars J. Nilsson – Lund University • Åsa Persson – KTH Royal Institute of Technology’s Climate Action Centre • Keywan Riahi – International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis • Jean-François Soussana – French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment • Giorgio Vacchiano – University of Milan • Detlef van Vuuren – PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency • Zinta Zommers – University of Toronto

Abstract Water management in irrigation networks is crucial for sustainable agriculture under conditions of water scarcity and climate variability. This study applies the water accounting plus (WA+) framework, integrating meteorological and remote sensing data (WaPOR), to analyze water fluxes, productivity, and spatial heterogeneity in the Qazvin Plain irrigation network from 2009 to 2021. The total net inflow during this period was approximately 10,582 MCM, with contributions from precipitation (≈ 20%), surface inflow (≈ 27%), and storage changes (≈ 53%). Analysis of evapotranspiration revealed that transpiration accounted for 80% of total ET, with 72% classified as beneficial (transpiration plus interception) and 28% as non-beneficial (soil evaporation and canopy interception). Spatial patterns indicate higher water availability in the eastern part of the network and deficits in the western region, highlighting the potential for improving water productivity through targeted interventions such as soil moisture conservation and optimized irrigation scheduling. These findings demonstrate the applicability of the WA + framework for enhancing water use efficiency and informing sustainable irrigation management in semi-arid regions. Data availability The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to privacy concerns and proprietary constraints, but they are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Nazari, B. & Keshavarz, M. Water population density: global and regional analysis. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 153 (1), 431–445 (2023). Google Scholar Yargholi, B., Kanani, E. & Sepehri, S. 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Box 4111, Karaj, 31587-77871, Iran Bijan Nazari Water Engineering Department, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran Bijan Nazari Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, P.O. Box 3414896818, Qazvin, Iran Abbas Sotoodehnia Authors Mahkameh Sadat Naeini View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Bijan Nazari View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Abbas Sotoodehnia View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Contributions Mahkameh Sadat Naeini: Conceptualization; Data downloading and processing; Writing the original draft; Finalization. Bijan Nazari and Abbas Sotoodehnia: Supervision; Editing drafts; Providing suggestions and additions to improve the findings and their practical applicability. Corresponding author Correspondence to Bijan Nazari. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. 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Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33024-4 Download citation Received: 15 December 2024 Accepted: 15 December 2025 Published: 26 December 2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33024-4 Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy shareable link to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Keywords Climate change Groundwater WaPOR Water fluxes Water scarcity Subjects Climate sciences Ecology Hydrology

Abstract Microplastics (MPs), increasingly common in freshwater ecosystems, pose serious ecological threats to the Formosan landlocked salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus), an endangered salmonid endemic to Taiwan. This study presents the first comprehensive investigation into how seasonal variation and land-use patterns influence MP abundance, composition, and distribution in the salmon’s exclusive habitats within Shei-Pa National Park, Taiwan. Using µ‑FTIR spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy, we quantified microplastic concentrations and observed higher levels in the dry season (48–93 items/L) than in the wet season (45–72 items/L). Principal component analysis (PCA) further indicated spatial gradients aligned with land‑use contrasts, with higher concentrations associated with intensive agriculture and recreational tourism relative to pristine forest areas. 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Author information Authors and Affiliations Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan, ROC Tsan-Yang Hu & Wen-Hui Kuan R&D Center of Biochemical Engineering Technology, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan, ROC Wen-Hui Kuan Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, 61363, Taiwan, ROC Wen-Hui Kuan Authors Tsan-Yang Hu View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Wen-Hui Kuan View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Contributions Tsan-Yang Hu: Writing—original draft, Visualization, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis. Wen-Hui Kuan: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Investigation, Resources, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. Corresponding author Correspondence to Wen-Hui Kuan. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary Information Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Supplementary Material 1 Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Hu, TY., Kuan, WH. Seasonal rainfall and land-use impacts on microplastic characteristics in an endangered salmon stream. Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33600-8 Download citation Received: 01 September 2025 Accepted: 19 December 2025 Published: 26 December 2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33600-8 Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy shareable link to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Keywords Fluorescence microscopy Formosan landlocked salmon Microplastics (MPs) Seasonal dynamics µ‑FTIR Subjects Ecology Environmental sciences

Abstract Variations in the winter India-Burma trough (IBT) are associated with local cyclonic anomalies over the Bay of Bengal and modulated by mid-latitude teleconnections. However, spring IBT variability remains poorly understand, despite trough-base precipitation being substantially greater than in winter. Here, we identify a reversal in the spring IBT-Tibetan Plateau snow cover (TPS) relationship around the year 2000. This shift corresponds to eastward displacement of the trough-base before 2000, followed by a retreat toward the Bay of Bengal. Snow-perturbation experiments and moist potential vorticity diagnostics show that during 1979–1999, high TPS enhances atmospheric disturbances ahead of the trough and weakens them near its base. This process hence triggers an eastward displacement of the IBT. During 2000–2020, high TPS exerts largely opposite effects. Furthermore, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) modulates this IBT-TPS linkage reversal. In the coming decades, a projected shift to a positive PDO phase is expected to promote IBT eastward displacement, enhancing spring precipitation in East Asia while increasing drought risk over the Indochina Peninsula. Our results hence provide a basis for improving seasonal projections and assessing climate risks across monsoon Asia. Data availability The figures and indices used in this study are available on Zenodo78 at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17120424; The NSIDC snow cover data are available at: https://doi.org/10.5067/P7O0HGJLYUQU; The NOAA snow cover data are available at: https://doi.org/10.7289/V5N014G9; The ERA5-Land snow depth are available at: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.68d2bb30; The ERA5 atmospheric variables at: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.6860a573; The Met Office Hadley Centre sea surface temperature are available at: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadisst/; The NCEP-R2 atmospheric variables are available at: https://doi.org/10.5065/FPR3-MW53; The NCAR PDO index are available at: https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/pacific-decadal-oscillation-pdo-definition-and-indices; The future PDO index is available at https://github.com/atrmli/data. 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Fortran codes used in the study “Reversal of the Tibetan snow-India Burma trough relationship” (version 1.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17117540 (2025). Download references Acknowledgements C.Z. acknowledges financial support from the Outstanding Postdoctoral Scholarship provided by the State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science at Xiamen University and the Chinese Scholarship Council (File No.202306310194). This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China through grants 42305016 (to C.Z.) and 42030602 (to A.D.), and the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China through grants U2442205 (to A.D.). Author information Authors and Affiliations Center for Marine Meteorology and Climate Change, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China Chao Zhang & Anmin Duan Marine Biogeochemistry Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany Chao Zhang Authors Chao Zhang View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Anmin Duan View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Contributions C.Z. conceived the study, conducted simulations and wrote the initial manuscript. All authors performed the formal analysis. A.D provided critical feedback and revised the manuscript. Corresponding authors Correspondence to Chao Zhang or Anmin Duan. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information Supplementary Information Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Zhang, C., Duan, A. Reversal of the Tibetan snow-India Burma trough relationship. npj Clim Atmos Sci (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01301-8 Download citation Received: 28 September 2025 Accepted: 10 December 2025 Published: 26 December 2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01301-8 Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 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Abstract The innovation atmosphere of industrial parks, a crucial indicator of urban spatial vitality and regional economic dynamism, is difficult to assess using traditional, experience-driven methods. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a novel, data-driven framework for urban spatial perception using Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). Focusing on typical industrial parks in Wuhan, China, we harnessed MLLMs to interpret multi-source urban data, validating their diagnostic accuracy against expert evaluations. Subsequently, we simulated the diverse cognitive perspectives of four key stakeholder groups to diagnose the innovation atmosphere, diagnose the innovation atmosphere, quantifying the subjective spatial perceptions of different user groups and reflecting a nuanced understanding of human-environment interactions. The principal findings are: (1) The diagnostic assessments from the Gemini-2.5-pro model demonstrated a significant correlation (r = 0.890, p < 0.001) with the expert judgment baseline, affirming the high feasibility of this data-driven approach. (2) The MLLM framework effectively quantified perceptual heterogeneity among simulated stakeholders, offering deep insights into the varied dimensions of the parks’ city image and perceived quality. (3) Spatial analysis revealed a consistent overall assessment of the innovation atmosphere across different perspectives, with parks in the southeastern and northwestern regions exhibiting higher spatial vitality. This research contributes an objective and automated tool for diagnosing the innovation atmosphere, a key facet of urban spatial perception. Crucially, the proposed framework provides robust empirical support for big data-driven strategies in urban planning, enabling the refined management of innovation spaces to be more productive, collaborative, and sustainable. Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author(C.G. 2025102090012@whu.edu.cn) upon reasonable request due to privacy concerns related to the industrial park. References Wu, Y. & Gao, X. Can the establishment of eco-industrial parks promote urban green innovation? Evidence from China. J. Clean. Prod. 341, 130855 (2022). Google Scholar Ungureanu, P., Cochis, C., Bertolotti, F., Mattarelli, E. & Scapolan, A. C. Multiplex boundary work in innovation projects: the role of collaborative spaces for cross-functional and open innovation. Eur. J. Innov. Manage. 24, 984–1010 (2020). Google Scholar Xu, J., Qiu, B., Zhang, F. & Zhang, J. 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Authors and Affiliations School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China Xinyuan Chen, Qiang Niu & Guo Cheng Wuhan Planning and Design Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China Zhongying Song, Li Xu & Junhua Zhu Hubei Habitat Environment Research Centre of Engineering and Technology, Wuhan, 430072, China Qiang Niu Authors Xinyuan Chen View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Zhongying Song View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Li Xu View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Junhua Zhu View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Qiang Niu View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Guo Cheng View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Contributions Xinyuan Chen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft; Zhongying Song: Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft; Li Xu: Investigation, Resources; Junhua Zhu: Software, Visualization; Qiang Niu: Conceptualization, Writing–review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition; Guo Cheng: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing–review & editing. 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Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33342-7 Download citation Received: 22 August 2025 Accepted: 18 December 2025 Published: 26 December 2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33342-7 Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy shareable link to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Keywords Urban spatial perception Innovation atmosphere Multimodal large language model(MLLM) Industrial parks Subjects Environmental social sciences Geography

Abstract Traditional medicinal plants remain vital healthcare resources for rural communities, particularly in areas with limited access to modern medical services. This study documents and quantitatively analyzes the ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in Meketewa District, northwestern Ethiopia. Ethnobotanical data were collected from 360 informants (20 key informants and 340 general informants) across five kebeles (Sub-Districts) representing different agroecological zones. Data were analyzed using preference ranking, direct matrix ranking (DMR), informant consensus factor (ICF), fidelity level (FL), Jaccard similarity index (JSI), Rahman’s similarity index (RSI), t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. The distribution of indigenous medicinal plant knowledge was significantly influenced by agroecology and socio-demographic factors, including age, gender, education, and knowledge experience. A total of 76 medicinal plant species belonging to 46 families were documented, with Fabaceae as the dominant family (7.9%) and herbs as the most common growth form (38.16%). Most species were used for human ailments (63.2%), while 9.2% were used for livestock and 27.6% for both. Natural forests were the primary source of medicinal plants (61.84%). Crushing was the dominant preparation method (38.4%), and oral administration was the most common route (47.7%). The use of additives, antidotes, and localized dosage systems reflects advanced therapeutic knowledge. Rhamnus prinoides was the most preferred species for treating human tonsillitis, whereas Euphorbia abyssinica was widely used for livestock swelling. High ICF values (up to 0.92) indicated strong informant agreement, while JSI (2.29–45.19%) and RSI (0.00–16.67%) reflected largely localized ethnomedicinal knowledge; similarly, high fidelity levels for Asparagus africanus var. puberulus (83.3%), Rhamnus prinoides (75%), and Cucumis ficifolius and Euphorbia abyssinica (73.3%) underscore strong cultural consensus and priority for phytochemical validation. Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata was the highest-ranked multipurpose species but faces increasing anthropogenic threats. These findings emphasize the need for in situ and ex situ conservation and further phytochemical and pharmacological validation. Data availability The data supporting the findings of this study are presented in the tables and figures within the manuscript and supplementary file. References Alemu, M. et al. Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants used by the local people in Habru District, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 20, 4 (2024). 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We also acknowledge the local authorities and community elders for their invaluable support and guidance during data collection. Author information Authors and Affiliations Department of Biology, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia Fentaye Kassawmar, Endale Adamu, Worku Misganaw & Kindu Geta Department of Biology, Debark University, Debark, Ethiopia Fentaye Kassawmar Authors Fentaye Kassawmar View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Endale Adamu View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Worku Misganaw View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Kindu Geta View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Contributions FK led data collection, analysis, and manuscript writing, while EA supervised fieldwork and plant identification. WM contributed to analyses, interpreting results, and manuscript writing. KG managed data curation. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Corresponding author Correspondence to Worku Misganaw. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval Ethical approval was obtained from the Biology Department of Debre Tabor University and permissions from the Meketewa District administrative offices before data collection. All informants were informed about the study’s objectives and provided verbal consent prior to participation. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary Information Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. 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To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Kassawmar, F., Adamu, E., Misganaw, W. et al. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Meketewa District, northwestern Ethiopia. Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33571-w Download citation Received: 14 August 2025 Accepted: 19 December 2025 Published: 26 December 2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33571-w Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy shareable link to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Keywords Conservation Indigenous knowledge Herbal medicine Medicinal plants Meketewa District Veterinary Subjects Ecology Plant sciences