In South Asia, a region facing rapid economic growth, immense population pressure, and high climate vulnerability, the circular economy (CE) has become a critical imperative for sustainable development. This study provides a comparative overview of the CE landscape across eight South Asian countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The analysis reveals the CE transition is nascent region-wide, though India has advanced its policy landscape through a comprehensive suite of rules and missions and Pakistan is developing a national policy. The primary focus remains on waste management, evidenced by programs like Bhutan’s ‘Zero Waste by 2030’ vision, the Maldives’ Single-Use Plastic Phase-Out Plan, and Sri Lanka’s Clean Sri Lanka Programme. While Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is emerging for plastics and e-waste in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan, a significant “policy-practice gap” persists, undermined by weak enforcement and governance fragmented across priority sectors like plastics, food systems, and textiles. Most major CE initiatives are catalyzed by international development partners, with regional programs playing a key role in funding innovation. Finally, while the informal sector is the backbone of material recovery, ensuring a just transition that improves working conditions and secures livelihoods remains a critical challenge. The absence of a cohesive regional framework limits collaboration. Scaling the circular economy in South Asia requires integrated national strategies, prioritizing a just transition for the informal sector, and establishing a regional platform for policy harmonization to create self-sustaining system through multi-sectoral involvement, including the business sector.

Booking for the EIG 2026 Conference in Liverpool is now open: https://www.eigconferences.com/ There will be the usual plenary opening session, including an introduction to the geology of North West England by Professor Peter Burgess, University of Liverpool, and the Ansel Dunham Memorial Lecture by Fiona McEvoy of NWS. This will be followed by parallel sessions, from a variety of geotechnical and quarry design case studies and overviews of professional practice to prospecting, geomorphological quarry restoration, low carbon resources and the water environment. Conference programme can be downloaded here: https://www.eigconferences.com/s/EIG-2026-Liverpool-Programme-May6th.pdf Delegate booking, trade stands and sponsorship opportunities are here: https://www.eigconferences.com/2026-conference NB Delegate Early Bird deadline 30th June 2026.

We run in-person continuing professional development (CPD) sessions for primary teachers from our London and Keyworth offices. If you’re a teacher following the National Curriculum in England or Wales and want to get to grips with rocks, fossils, mountains, volcanoes and other geology teaching in the primary curriculum, join us for a session of lessons and demos you can take straight into the classroom. There are Primary Science Teacher CPD sessions on Rocks, fossils and soils on Thursday 18th June and Wednesday 1st July 2026 The following sessions are available, please click on the links to reserve your place: Thursday 18 June – Natural History Museum, London Rocks, fossils and soils Wednesday 1 July – BGS Keyworth Rocks, fossils and soils Thursday 2nd July – BGS Keyworth Plate tectonics, volcanoes and earthquakes Relative topics public engagement

Abstract Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are key agents regulating global hydroclimate and extreme precipitation. Climate models project the increase and intensification of ARs in a warming climate, but their responses to CO2 mitigation remain unclear. Based on large-ensemble climate model experiments in which CO2 concentrations are systematically increased and then decreased, we show that AR frequency and intensity do not fully return to their present-day states when CO2 concentrations are reduced. Instead ARs are projected to remain more frequent and intense, particularly along the western coasts of North America, Europe and South America, in East Asia, and along the Antarctic coast, leading to increased extreme precipitation in the midlatitudes and potential impacts on Antarctic ice mass balance. The hysteresis pattern of AR frequency results from the competition between effects of thermodynamic and dynamic processes, both of which are closely related to the delayed recovery of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the Southern Ocean temperature. Acknowledgements This work was supported by Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) through project for developing and observation-based GHG emissions geospatial information map, funded by Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) (RS-2023-00232066) and by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant, funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (2023R1A2C3005607). Chanil Park was also supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (RS-2024-00406720) and partly by faculty start-up funding provided by University of Alaska Fairbanks. Model simulation and data transfer were supported by the National Supercomputing Center with supercomputing resources including technical support, the National Center for Meteorological Supercomputer of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and the Korea Research Environment Open NETwork (KREONET), respectively. Author information Authors and Affiliations School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea Seohyun Chung, Yeeun Kwon & Seok-Woo Son Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA Chanil Park Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA Chanil Park International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA Chanil Park Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA Andrew C. Winters Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Wenhao Dong Authors Seohyun Chung View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Chanil Park View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Yeeun Kwon View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Seok-Woo Son View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Andrew C. Winters View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Wenhao Dong View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Corresponding authors Correspondence to Chanil Park or Seok-Woo Son. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information Supplementary Material. (download PDF ) Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Chung, S., Park, C., Kwon, Y. et al. Hysteresis in global atmospheric river activity under carbon dioxide removal. npj Clim Atmos Sci (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01454-0 Download citation Received: 03 March 2026 Accepted: 02 June 2026 Published: 12 June 2026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01454-0 Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy shareable link to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Subjects Climate sciences Environmental sciences

Abstract Carbonate acidizing is a matrix stimulation technique used to enhance well productivity and injectivity by reacting carbonate formations with hydrochloric acid (HCl), generating carbon dioxide (CO2) in aqueous, liquid, gaseous, or supercritical phases depending on pressure, temperature, and fluid composition. Among the ions commonly present in carbonate–acid systems, the effects of calcium, magnesium, and chloride ions on CO2 solubility have been extensively studied. However, the specific impact of H+ remains poorly understood. In this study, acid flooding experiments were conducted at backpressures of 0.1, 2.7, and 8.2 MPa and injection rates of 1, 2, 4, and 8 mL/min at ambient temperature using 1 wt% HCl to investigate H+’s influence on CO2 solubility. Observed differential pressures between the core inlet and outlet suggest that CO2 solubility is influenced not only by calcium and chloride ions but also by the presence of H+. The findings also indicate that the formation of non-aqueous CO2 can contribute to increases in differential pressure, whereas the absence of such increases does not necessarily imply the absence of non-aqueous CO2, as it may be masked by other competing mechanisms. Furthermore, the results challenge the common assumption that maintaining backpressures above 6.9 MPa ensures complete CO2 dissolution. These insights underscore the need for further investigation into CO2 solubility in acidic, salt-containing systems using specialized measurement setups and support the development of improved predictive models that incorporate the role of H+ alongside pressure, temperature, and salt concentration. Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Author information Authors and Affiliations Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Khojastehmehr, Arash Korivand, Mohammad Bazargan & Mohsen Masihi Authors Mohammad Khojastehmehr View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Arash Korivand View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Mohammad Bazargan View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Mohsen Masihi View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Corresponding author Correspondence to Mohammad Bazargan. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Khojastehmehr, M., Korivand, A., Bazargan, M. et al. Influence of H+ on CO2 solubility during carbonate acidizing. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-56055-x Download citation Received: 18 February 2026 Accepted: 28 May 2026 Published: 12 June 2026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-56055-x Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy shareable link to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Keywords Stimulation Carbonates Acidizing CO2 Solubility Subjects Chemistry Environmental sciences

Abstract Maximizing the durability and reliability of offshore wind farms is essential for the clean energy transition. In this work, we demonstrate how wave energy converter (WEC) farms can shelter offshore wind farms from cyclic wave loading, resulting in significant reductions in wave-induced turbine fatigue damage. Using experimentally validated hydrodynamic models, we show that modeling WEC energy dissipation through fluid structure interactions rather than rated power provides an unbiased analysis of different architecture’s sheltering capabilities. Through the system-level model, we observe that even small reductions in wave height propagate to the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the wind farm, resulting in a 4.94% decrease in LCOE with a 6% reduction in wave height. Additionally, WEC farms can benefit from this co-location by sharing siting costs, operation and maintenance teams, and mooring and transmission cables with the offshore wind farm. This work advances the design of integrated wind–wave systems, supporting resilient, cost-effective offshore renewables for global deployment. Acknowledgements We would like thank Dr. Alaa Ahmed and Yashaswini Mandalam for their assistance in the experimental campaign and data processing. Funding This work was funded in part by the Sea Grant Regional Research Project No.: R/ATD-18-NESG, the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability through the 2023 Summer Mentored Research Program and the 2025 FAST Grant, and the U.S. Department of Energy through Testing and Expertise in Marine Energy (TEAMER) RFTS 12. Author information Authors and Affiliations Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA Olivia Vitale Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA Maha N. Haji Authors Olivia Vitale View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Maha N. Haji View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Corresponding author Correspondence to Olivia Vitale. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary Information Supplementary Information 1. (download PDF ) Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Vitale, O., Haji, M.N. Wave energy converters as offshore wind farm guardians: a pathway to resilient ocean systems. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-54843-z Download citation Received: 12 December 2025 Accepted: 20 May 2026 Published: 12 June 2026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-54843-z Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy shareable link to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Keywords Wave energy Offshore wind Wave sheltering Subjects Energy science and technology Engineering Environmental sciences

Abstract The recycling of green crop residues is promoted for enhancing soil organic carbon sequestration and health, but can also stimulate emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and ammonia (NH₃). Soil tillage can lead to different residue distributions which affect contact with decomposers and local gas and solute diffusion. This study aims to quantify N₂O, NH₃, and carbon dioxide emissions from N-rich red clover residue subjected to three different distributions in the soil—surface, layered, and mixed—across three contrasting agricultural soils. The incubations were performed under laboratory conditions for 50 days at 15 °C, with a water-filled pore space of 60%. Gas fluxes as well as soil ammonium and nitrate contents were measured. Results showed that N₂O emissions were strongly influenced by soil type and residue placement, with sandy loam producing the highest cumulative fluxes, particularly in the mixed (17.4 kg N ha⁻1) and layered (11.5 kg N ha⁻1) treatments. NH₃ volatilization occurred almost exclusively from surface residues, peaking at 10.2 kg N ha⁻1 in sandy loam soil. Emission for N2O were significantly higher than previously reported for residues. These findings highlight that both residue placement and soil properties critically determine gaseous emission patterns. Acknowledgements Special thanks go to Ms. J. Jean-Jacques, Mr. O. Fanucci, Mr. L. Vieville, Mr. M. Marques, Mr. G. Alavoine for their supervision, advice and help in chemical analyses. We thank Ms. Ernfors for providing the SLU soil. We would also like to thank Dr. B. Andrieu for his review of an earlier version of this manuscript. Funding Authors acknowledge the financial support received from the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the ERA-NET Cofund scheme FACCE ERAGAS, in the frame of the “Improved Estimation and Mitigation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Soil Carbon Storage from Crop Residues (Residue Gas) project. FACCE ERA-GAS has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No. 696356. The French funding grant number was ANR-17-EGAS-0003. The project was also funded by the Department of Environment and Agriculture, INRAE (French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment). Author information Authors and Affiliations Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120, Palaiseau, France Varunesh Chandra, Patricia Laville, Alain Fortineau, Benjamin Loubet & Raia Silvia Massad Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A614, Reims, France Varunesh Chandra & Gwenaëlle Lashermes Authors Varunesh Chandra View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Gwenaëlle Lashermes View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Patricia Laville View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Alain Fortineau View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Benjamin Loubet View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Raia Silvia Massad View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Corresponding author Correspondence to Raia Silvia Massad. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics French soil samples were collected from the experimental facilities of INRAE and/or AgroParisTech within the ICOS infrastructures. No specific licenses or permits were required for these locations as they are designated research sites managed by the authors’ host institution. SLU soil was collected by project partners within the Residue Gas project. All sampling procedures complied with institutional safety and environmental guidelines. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Chandra, V., Lashermes, G., Laville, P. et al. Temporal dynamics of ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions following green crop residue recycling in soils. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-54279-5 Download citation Received: 07 January 2026 Accepted: 18 May 2026 Published: 12 June 2026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-54279-5 Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy shareable link to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Keywords Soil organic matter Laboratory incubations Soil pH Red clover Mineral nitrogen dynamics Greenhouse gas mitigation Subjects Biogeochemistry Climate sciences Ecology Environmental sciences