Report The Panel agreed on the outline of the 2027 IPCC Methodology Report on Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies, Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Additional guidance) at its 63rd Session held in Lima, Peru from 27-30 October 2025 (Decision IPCC-LXIII-6). The report will be a single Methodology Report comprising an Overview Chapter and six volumes consistent with the format of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The structure of the Methodology Report is consistent with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines so as to make it easier for inventory compilers to use this Methodology Report with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Topics that will be addressed include: Transport, injection and sequestering of CO2 in relation to enhanced oil, gas, and coal-bed methane recovery Production of products containing or derived from captured and/or removed CO2 Carbonation of cement and lime-based structures Soil carbon sinks and related emissions enhanced through biochar and weathering and other elements Coastal wetlands carbon dioxide removal types not in previous IPCC Guidelines as well as additional information on mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass in coastal waters Durable biomass products Carbon dioxide capture from combustion and process gases Direct air capture Carbon dioxide utilisation Carbon dioxide transport including cross border issues Carbon dioxide injection and storage CO2 removal through direct capture of CO2 from water already processed by inland and coastal facilities; and related elements across the range of categories of the IPCC Guidelines. The national greenhouse gas inventory includes sources and sinks occurring within the territory over which a country has jurisdiction. Over 150 experts are expected to participate in the writing process, which will be completed by 2027. The participants will be selected by the Task Force Bureau taking into account scientific and technical expertise, geographical and gender balance to the extent possible in line with Appendix A to the Principles Governing IPCC Work. The First Lead Authors’ meeting will be held in Rome, Italy, in April 2026. Preparatory Work The decision by the Panel to prepare this Methodology Report was informed by the work of experts at the scoping meeting held in Copenhagen, Denmark, from 14-16 October 2024. Prior to the scoping meeting, an expert meeting was held at Vienna, Austria 1-3 July 2024. These meetings considered Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods mentioned in the AR6 WGIII Report as a starting point for discussion and noted that several CDR activities have been already covered by the existing IPCC Guidelines. More Information The IPCC Secretary has written to national government focal points inviting nominations of authors by 12 December 2025.

Fast Facts Medicaid programs that cover prescription drugs are generally required to cover drugs that are (1) FDA approved and (2) made by a manufacturer that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. 13 Medicaid programs didn’t cover Mifeprex and its generic equivalent, Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, when required. These drugs are used for medical abortion. We recommended the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ensure Medicaid programs comply with federal requirements for covering Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. We also reiterated our 2019 recommendation on Mifeprex, which hasn’t been implemented. White pills spilling from a pill bottle. Skip to Highlights Highlights What GAO Found Medicaid programs that choose to cover outpatient prescription drugs are required to cover all Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs for their medically accepted indications when those drugs are made by a manufacturer that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program (MDRP), except as outlined in federal law. The FDA has approved two drugs—Mifeprex in 2000 and its generic equivalent in 2019, referred to as Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg—for the medical termination of an intrauterine pregnancy, known as a medical abortion. Danco Laboratories and GenBioPro are the exclusive manufacturers of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, respectively, and both manufacturers participate in the MDRP. Medicaid programs in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico cover prescription drugs and participate in the MDRP. According to officials from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)—the federal agency within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) responsible for ensuring Medicaid programs’ compliance—none of the MDRP’s statutory exceptions apply to Mifeprex or Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. Thus, these 52 Medicaid programs must cover these drugs when prescribed for medical abortion in circumstances eligible for federal funding, such as when the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest. GAO identified gaps in Medicaid programs’ coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. Officials from 35 of the 49 programs who responded to GAO questions said their programs covered Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg for medical abortion, as of December 31, 2024. In contrast, officials from 13 programs told GAO their programs did not cover either drug for medical abortion. An official from the remaining program did not specify the medical indications for which its program covered the drugs. Medicaid Programs’ Coverage of Danco Laboratories’ Mifeprex and GenBioPro’s Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, as of December 31, 2024 Note: For more details, see fig. 1 in GAO-25-107911. State officials’ responses to GAO’s questions indicated that some states may not be complying with the MDRP requirements for covering Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. However, CMS has not determined the extent to which states comply with the MDRP requirements for these drugs. CMS officials told GAO they were not aware of the following: Nine programs did not cover Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg for any medical indication, as of December 31, 2024; GAO reported four of these programs did not cover Mifeprex in 2019. Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg was not available at the time of GAO’s 2019 report. Four additional Medicaid programs did not cover either drug when prescribed for medical abortion, as of December 31, 2024. CMS was not aware of these coverage gaps, in part, because it had not implemented GAO’s 2019 recommendation to take actions to ensure Medicaid programs comply with MDRP requirements to cover Mifeprex. CMS also has not taken actions related to the coverage of Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, as of August 2025. Without such actions, CMS lacks assurance that Medicaid programs comply with MDRP requirements and Medicaid beneficiaries may lack access to these drugs when appropriate. Why GAO Did This Study GAO was asked to describe Medicaid programs’ coverage of mifepristone. This report examines Medicaid programs’ coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, among other things. GAO reviewed laws and CMS guidance on the MDRP, and coverage of Mifeprex and Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg. GAO also sent written questions to officials from the 52 Medicaid programs that participate in the MDRP regarding their coverage of these drugs, and reviewed officials’ responses from the 49 programs that provided GAO information. Recommendations GAO reiterates its 2019 recommendation that CMS take actions to ensure states’ compliance with MDRP requirements to cover Mifeprex. GAO also recommends that CMS determine the extent to which states comply with federal Medicaid requirements regarding coverage of GenBioPro’s Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, and take actions, as appropriate, to ensure compliance. In response to the recommendation, HHS noted it is reviewing applicable law and will determine the best course of action to address it moving forward. Recommendations for Executive Action Agency Affected Recommendation Status Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services The Administrator of CMS should determine the extent to which states comply with federal Medicaid requirements regarding coverage of GenBioPro's Mifepristone Tablets, 200 mg, and take actions, as appropriate, to ensure compliance. (Recommendation 1) Open Actions to satisfy the intent of the recommendation have not been taken or are being planned. When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information. Full Report Full Report (11 pages)

05.12.2025 – The European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change, established under the European Climate Law, will continue to be supported in its second term (2026-2030) by Ottmar Edenhofer. The Director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) has now been appointed by the Management Board of the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen for another four-year term on the Advisory Board, beginning on 24 March 2026. Advising EU policymakers on the path to the declared goal of climate neutrality: PIK Director Ottmar Edenhofer. Photo: PIK/Karkow The Advisory Board gives independent advice and produces reports on EU policies, and their coherence with the Climate Law and the EU’s commitments under the Paris Agreement. It consists of 15 high-level scientific experts covering a wide range of relevant fields. Edenhofer is serving as the Advisory Board’s current Chair during its first term (2022-2026). Highlights during this period have included scientific recommendations for an ambitious EU climate target for 2040, an analysis of the action needed to achieve climate neutrality, and a study on scaling up atmospheric carbon removals. “I am very thankful for the great opportunity to continue supporting EU climate policy in this service role for the next four years,” says Edenhofer, who is also Professor for The Economics and Politics of Climate Change at the Technische Universität Berlin. “The European Union has taken some important steps in recent years towards its declared goal of climate neutrality by 2050. It remains important to make climate policy cost-effective, socially balanced and consistent with the requirements of an internationally competitive economy. As a member of the Advisory Board, I will do my best to provide scientific advice to policymakers on this task.” The composition of the Advisory Board for the next four-year term has now been decided through an open, fair and transparent selection process lasting several months. The decision on who will chair the body in future is not expected until beginning of the second term. The other members of the Advisory Board in the second term are: • Annela Anger-Kraavi – University of Cambridge • Constantinos Cartalis – National and Kapodistrian University of Athens • Suraje Dessai – University of Leeds’ School of Earth, Environment, and Sustainability • Laura Díaz Anadón – University of Cambridge • Vera Eory – Scotland’s Rural College • Lena Kitzing - Technical University of Denmark • Kati Kulovesi – University of Eastern Finland • Lars J. Nilsson – Lund University • Åsa Persson – KTH Royal Institute of Technology’s Climate Action Centre • Keywan Riahi – International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis • Jean-François Soussana – French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment • Giorgio Vacchiano – University of Milan • Detlef van Vuuren – PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency • Zinta Zommers – University of Toronto

Abstract Proteolysis targeting chimeric small molecules (PROTACs) offer a strategy for degrading disease-associated proteins or controlling engineered protein tags fused to therapeutic proteins, like chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). New approaches are needed that allow spatiotemporal control of PROTAC activity, restricting degrader activity to targeted cells. Photopharmacology offers a solution by enabling light-mediated spatial control of drug action. Here, we synthesize photocaged and photoswitchable PROTAC molecules and test their regulation of proteins tagged with E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (eDHFR) in tumor and CAR-T cells. Several of the molecules are derived from triazole-linked trimethoprim-PROTACs (TMP-TACtz), that degrade eDHFR fused proteins at picomolar concentrations, show degradation in cells with low cereblon E3 ligase levels, and have little off-target effects. The photocleavable compound, TMP-TAC-PC yields the best light-mediated regulation of CAR T cell cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. This work introduces photocontrolled, tag-directed degraders for controlling protein expression in tumor cells and CAR T cells.

Abstract Hydrogen extraction from liquid hydrogen carriers is a promising strategy to address hydrogen storage and transportation challenges for a hydrogen economy. We report a novel heterogeneous catalytic architecture, Ni(Mn)-O-P/GaN nanowires, for efficient, selective, and ultra-stable hydrogen evolution from formic acid (FA). The catalyst achieves a high activity of 29.92 mol H2·gcat−1·h−1 with nearly 100% selectivity and a high turnover frequency (TOF) of 31,019.2 h−1 at 150 °C. It exhibits exceptional stability over 4000 hours under fluctuated temperatures (55-75 °C) with a turnover numbers (TONs) of 5,023,060, integrable with low-grade industrial waste heat. In-situ characterizations, isotope experiments, and density functional theory calculations collectively reveal that the synergy between Ni(Mn)-O-P and GaN are favorable for the O-H dissociation of FA with an interesting H-exchange mechanism with H2O while inhibiting the undesired FA dehydration and coking formation. An industrial prototype test validates practical on-demand hydrogen production using waste heat.

Abstract Oceanic mesoscale eddies represent the most energetic component of the ocean circulation; however, their decay routes remain elusive, leaving a key gap in our understanding of the oceanic energy cascade. Here we combine satellite data with mooring measurements from the South China Sea in 2014 to reveal a rapid decay of oceanic eddies following the passage of typhoons. This decay is accompanied by a substantial generation of internal waves with near-inertial frequency in the ocean interior. The temporal correspondence and quantitatively commensurate energy changes indicate a direct energy transfer from eddy to internal wave field. We propose that typhoon-induced perturbations trigger an adjustment process within the eddy, resulting in energy loss through the radiation of near-inertial waves. Quantitatively supported by numerical model simulations, this mechanism plays a crucial role in the evolution of mesoscale eddies and points to a previously overlooked interior source of oceanic internal waves. Similar content being viewed by others Oceanic eddies induce a rapid formation of an internal wave continuum Article Open access 16 December 2023 Three-Dimensional Observations of a Mesoscale Eddy in the Kuroshio Extension Based on Multiple Platforms Article Open access 16 December 2025 Oceanic mesoscale eddies as crucial drivers of global marine heatwaves Article Open access 23 May 2023 Data availability All the data used directly for generating the figures in this study are archived at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17221258. The MASCS 1.0 dataset37 used in this paper are available at https://zenodo.org/records/12635331. The IBTrACS dataset38,39 are available at https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/international-best-track-archive. The sea level anomaly data distributed by AVISO are available at https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00148. The surface drifter data64 are provided by the Drifter Data Assembly Center of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/gdp/interpolated/data/all.php). The Argo profiling floats data59 are collected and made freely available by the international Argo Program and the national programs that contribute to it (https://argo.ucsd.edu, https://www.ocean-ops.org), as part of the Global Ocean Observing System. The WOA18 data60 can be downloaded from https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-atlas. Code availability The MITgcm model components are open source, which can be downloaded from https://mitgcm.org/source-code. The configuration of model simulations and the code for analysis in the study can be obtained from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17221258. The MATLAB_R2024b is used for plotting. References Ferrari, R. & Wunsch, C. 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Google Scholar Lumpkin, R. & Centurioni, L. Global drifter Program quality-controlled 6-hour interpolated data from ocean surface drifting buoys. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. Accessed 2024-08-31 (2019). Download references Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China through Grant 42288101 of Y. Zhang and W. Wang. Author information Authors and Affiliations Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Academy of Future Ocean, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China Qianqian Ren, Yu Zhang & Wei Wang Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China Qianqian Ren, Yu Zhang & Wei Wang Authors Qianqian Ren View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Yu Zhang View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Wei Wang View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Contributions Y. Z. and W. W. conceived the project and developed data analysis methodology. Q. R. carried out data analyses and the model simulation, and wrote the manuscript. Y. Z. and W. W. reviewed and edited the manuscript. Corresponding authors Correspondence to Yu Zhang or Wei Wang. 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Abstract The relationship between the geometrical parameters of windows and the energy and daylight performance of buildings is inherently complex and requires systematic investigation. This study addresses this challenge by optimizing the geometry of south-facing windows in residential apartments in Yazd, a city with a hot-arid climate. The novelty of this work lies in its holistic integration of a comprehensive set of window parameters, including width, height, sill height, horizontal and vertical position, and subdivision patterns, across eight typical residential room configurations derived from field surveys. Unlike previous studies that focused on isolated parameters or simplified spaces, this research systematically explores the combined influence of window geometry and room dimensions through a generative design approach. The methodology involves parametric modeling in Grasshopper using Python scripting, simulation of energy and daylight performance with Ladybug Tools, and multi-objective optimization through the NSGA-II. Three objectives were considered: minimizing cooling demand, minimizing heating demand, and maximizing average Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI). Statistical analyses, including correlation and regression, were applied to identify the most influential parameters, and simulation results were validated against actual energy consumption data from residential units in Yazd. The results indicate that window to wall ratio (WWR), window area, and window height have the greatest influence on energy and daylight performance. The optimal configuration is a vertically elongated south-facing window with a WWR of about 20%, a height greater than 2 m, a sill height below 0.5 m, and horizontal centering on the façade. Compared to baseline cases, this configuration achieves a 3.9–5.2% reduction in total energy consumption, a 19.7–23.2% reduction in cooling demand, a 2.3–2.4% reduction in heating demand, and an 8–12% improvement in average UDI, while maintaining acceptable glare levels. These findings confirm that optimized window geometry can simultaneously enhance daylight quality and reduce energy demand, offering evidence-based guidelines for sustainable. Data availability All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Abbreviations WWR: Window-to-Wall Ratios SHGC: Solar Heat Gain Coefficient UDI: Useful Daylight Illuminance DA: Daylight Autonomy DGP: Daylight Glare Probability NSGA-II: Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II CBECS: Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey EUI: Energy Use Intensity NMBE: Normalized Mean Bias Error CVRMSE: Coefficient of Variation of the Root Mean Square Error References Mehdizadeh-Rad, H. et al. 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Google Scholar Download references Author information Authors and Affiliations Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran Mahdi Ramezani Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban planning, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran Somayyeh Taheri Department of Architecture, Imam khomeini International university, Qazvin, Iran Mohammad Sharajabian Gorgabi Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Arash nourbakhsh sadabad Authors Mahdi Ramezani View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Somayyeh Taheri View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Mohammad Sharajabian Gorgabi View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Arash nourbakhsh sadabad View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Contributions Mahdi Ramezani: Conceptualization; Methodology; Parametric modeling and simulation; Data analysis; Writing – original draft. Somayyeh Taheri: Literature review; Theoretical framework; Writing – review and editing; Validation. Mohammad Sharajabian Gorgabi: Data collection; Field survey of residential units; Visualization; Draft preparation. Arash Nourbakhsh Sadabad: Supervision; Optimization algorithm design; Statistical analysis; Funding acquisition; Project administration; Writing – review and editing. Corresponding author Correspondence to Arash nourbakhsh sadabad. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Ramezani, M., Taheri, S., Gorgabi, M.S. et al. Energy and daylighting trade-offs in residential window design: multi-objective optimization for hot-arid regions. Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33473-x Download citation Received: 23 September 2025 Accepted: 18 December 2025 Published: 27 December 2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33473-x Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy shareable link to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Keywords Window geometrical parameters Generative design Energy performance Daylight performance Residential apartments Subjects Energy science and technology Engineering Environmental sciences Mathematics and computing

Abstract Hydrogen extraction from liquid hydrogen carriers is a promising strategy to address hydrogen storage and transportation challenges for a hydrogen economy. We report a novel heterogeneous catalytic architecture, Ni(Mn)-O-P/GaN nanowires, for efficient, selective, and ultra-stable hydrogen evolution from formic acid (FA). The catalyst achieves a high activity of 29.92 mol H2·gcat−1·h−1 with nearly 100% selectivity and a high turnover frequency (TOF) of 31,019.2 h−1 at 150 °C. It exhibits exceptional stability over 4000 hours under fluctuated temperatures (55-75 °C) with a turnover numbers (TONs) of 5,023,060, integrable with low-grade industrial waste heat. In-situ characterizations, isotope experiments, and density functional theory calculations collectively reveal that the synergy between Ni(Mn)-O-P and GaN are favorable for the O-H dissociation of FA with an interesting H-exchange mechanism with H2O while inhibiting the undesired FA dehydration and coking formation. 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Google Scholar Download references Acknowledgments The authors thank the financial support from the Shanghai Pilot Program· for Basic Research-Shanghai Jiao Tong University (21T11400211), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22579110), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB4004900). Z. J. is thankful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22578517). P. W. and X. W. are thankful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62321004). Author information Authors and Affiliations Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Research Center for Renewable Synthetic Fuel, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Liang Qiu, Jinglin Li, Yixin Li, Zhaosong Wu, Ding Wang, Zhen Huang & Baowen Zhou China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Lin Yao & Ying Li State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Nano-Optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education (NFC-MOE), Peking University, Beijing, China Ping Wang & Xinqiang Wang School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China Zhiwei Jiang State Key Laboratory of Engines, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China Muhammad Salman Nasir Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu, China Xinqiang Wang Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China Xinqiang Wang Authors Liang Qiu View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Lin Yao View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Ping Wang View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Zhiwei Jiang View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Jinglin Li View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Ying Li View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Yixin Li View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Zhaosong Wu View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Muhammad Salman Nasir View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Ding Wang View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Xinqiang Wang View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Zhen Huang View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Baowen Zhou View author publications Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Contributions B.Z. and Z.H. proposed the research. L.Q., Y.L., and Y.X.L. conducted the experiments. P.W. and X.W. did the growth of the material. L.Q. conducted the theoretical calculations. Z.H. provided the computing resource. Z.W., M.S., and D.W. participated in the result discussion and data analysis. L.Y., B.Z., Z.J., and J.L. joined the discussion about the theoretical investigations. L.Q. and B.Z. wrote the paper with the contributions of all co-authors. B.Z. and Z.H. led the work. Corresponding authors Correspondence to Lin Yao, Ping Wang, Zhiwei Jiang or Baowen Zhou. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Peer review Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Jose Luis Santos and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information Supplementary Information Transparent Peer Review file Source data Source Data Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Qiu, L., Yao, L., Wang, P. et al. Highly efficient heterogeneous thermal catalysis for noble-metal-free hydrogen production from formic acid. Nat Commun (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67895-y Download citation Received: 18 July 2025 Accepted: 11 December 2025 Published: 27 December 2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67895-y Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy shareable link to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Subjects Environmental chemistry Heterogeneous catalysis Materials for energy and catalysis