This study presents a comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of air quality across various urban functional zones in China from 2017 to 2022, uncovering distinct impacts on air quality due to the unique characteristics of each zone. A general decrease in various pollutant concentrations is observed, a result of stringent pollution control policies. Specifically, the concentration of PM_2.5 decreased from 46.1–30.6 µg m⁻³. Residential, commercial, and industrial zones show significant declines, whereas the transportation zone experiences the least decrease. However, ozone levels rebound significantly in densely populated residential and commercial zones and exhibit distinct weekend effects. The research highlights U-shaped seasonal patterns for five key pollutants and inverse seasonal patterns for ozone, which gradually decrease. Furthermore, the daily and seasonal variations of pollutant concentrations in the industrial zone are the largest, while those in the public management and service zone are the smallest. For example, the seasonal fluctuation of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in the industrial zone was 50.5 and 66.1 µg m⁻³, respectively. Urban scale has the most significant impact on public management and service zone. Notably, spatial heterogeneity is evident, with regional pollutant distributions linked to local emissions, control measures, urban morphology, and climate variability. This study emphasizes the critical link between urbanization and air quality, advocating for continuous monitoring and the development of zone-specific air quality strategies to ensure sustainable urban environments.