Data can be made available on a reasonable request.

\(\:A\) :

Temkin constant

AIC:

Akaike information criterion

\(\:{a}_{R}\) :

Isotherm constant of Redlich-Peterson isotherm

\(\:b\) :

Langmuir affinity constant

\(\:C\) :

Intraparticle diffusion boundary layer thickness

CCS:

Carbon capture and storage

CCUS:

Carbon capture utilization and storage

CO₂ :

Carbon dioxide

DI:

Deionized

HTC:

Hydrothermal carbonization

\(\:{k}_{1}\) :

Rate constant in pseudo-first order

\(\:{k}_{2}\) :

Rate constant in pseudo-second order

\(\:{k}_{F}\) :

Freundlich constant

\(\:{k}_{id}\) :

Intraparticle diffusion constant

KOH:

Potassium hydroxide

\(\:{k}_{R}\) :

Isotherm constant of Redlich-Peterson isotherm

MOF:

Metal organic framework

\(\:n\) :

Heterogeneity parameter

\(\:P\) :

Pressure

P0:

Saturated vapor pressure of CO₂

PFO:

Pseudo-first order

PSO:

Pseudo-second order

\(\:q\) :

CO₂adsorption

\(\:{q}_{e}\) :

Equilibrium concentration of CO₂adsorbed

\(\:{q}_{exp}\) :

Experimental adsorption of CO₂

\(\:{\stackrel{-}{q}}_{exp}\) :

Mean experimental adsorption of CO₂

\(\:{q}_{m}\) :

Saturated adsorption of CO₂

\(\:{q}_{mod}\) :

Kinetic model determined adsorption of CO₂

\(\:R\) :

Gas constant

\(\:{R}^{2}\) :

Coefficient of correlation

\(\:RSS\) :

Residual sum of squared

SDG:

Sustainable development goal

t:

Time

\(\:\alpha\) :

Initial adsorption rate in Elovich isotherm

\(\beta\) :

Desorption constant in Elovich isotherm

\(\beta_{R}\) :

Heterogeneity parameter in Redlich-Peterson isotherm

\(\wedge\) :

Adsorption potential in Dubinin-Ashtakhov isotherm

\(\phi\) :

Temkin constant

The authors would like to thank Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, for funding this research through its SEED Grant of October 2024 (PI: Sooraj Mohan).

Open access funding provided by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal

Authors and Affiliations

1. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India

   Sooraj Mohan & P. Dinesha

2. Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Shri Madhwa Vadiraja Institute of Technology and Management, Bantakal, Udupi, 574 115, India

   K. Ashwini

Contributions

Sooraj Mohan: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Software, Writing– original draft, review, and editing. K. Ashwini: Software, Analysis, and Writing - original draft. P. Dinesha: Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, review, and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Dinesha.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Consent to participate

This research does not involve biological samples and/or human participants.

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