This study employs the GRASP/Component approach (GRASP: Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties) to simultaneously retrieve aerosol optical properties and chemical components from ground-based sun photometer observations in Tianjin during the period 2014–2024. Component-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) showed very good agreement with ground-based sun photometer measurements (R² ≈ 1; RMSE ≤0.01), confirming the reliability of the inversion algorithm. Correlation analysis between aerosol components and optical properties reveal that fine-mode aerosols are the primary drivers of AOD variability. Black carbon (BC) dominates aerosol absorption across all wavelengths, while brown carbon (BrC) and absorbing dust (CAI) exhibit significant absorption only at shorter wavelengths. Aerosol components present distinct seasonal patterns: BC peaks in winter; CAI and scattering dust (CNAI) increase obviously in spring, consistent with frequent dust transport; fine-mode soluble salts (FNAS) and water content (FAWC) rise in summer due to enhanced photochemical activity and high humidity, whereas their coarse-mode counterparts decline due to wet scavenging. Fine-mode aerosol components in Tianjin have decreased significantly, which is driven by policy interventions. In contrast, coarse-mode components show greater variability, likely regulated primarily by natural processes. Furthermore, columnar BC concentrations and dust concentrations show strong temporal coherence with near-surface PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, respectively, further validating the applicability of the GRASP/Component approach for long-term monitoring of regional aerosol loading and chemical components.