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Exploring waste disposal attitudes and market strategies for recycled construction and demolition waste in India

2025-12-29
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Hammadhu HaitherAli, Salman Shooshtarian, Anjali Gopakumar

Abstract

The improper disposal of construction and demolition waste (CDW) poses significant environmental and infrastructural challenges in India. This study investigates the barriers and opportunities associated with promoting the use of recycled secondary materials (SM). A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining quantitative analysis of closed-ended survey responses with thematic analysis of open-ended responses. Data were collected from 73 stakeholders in Chennai, and findings were validated through triangulation. Results indicate low awareness of local waste management regulations (14%) and non-compliant waste disposal practices (> 60% disposing on roadsides, waterbodies and open lands). Quality emerged as the most critical factor influencing the purchase of SM (14.11/15), while reluctance to adopt (85% not willing) stemmed from concerns over procurement distance, costs, and the absence of client demand. Qualitative findings further reinforced quality concerns as the dominant barrier. To address these challenges, the study highlights the need for strong policy support (fiscal incentives), targeted marketing strategies (decentralised supply, diversified products), and improved industrial readiness (stakeholder awareness). Overall, the research identifies key factors enabling circular transition by emphasising consumer insights for SM market development and revealing non-compliant behaviours. Findings align with SDGs (9,11,12) and provide actionable insights for policymakers and recycling businesses.

Data availability

The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Mr. Muralidharan Nanda Govindarajulu, Chairman, Indian Concrete Institute, and Mr. Mohan Ramanathan, Founder-Chairman, Indian Demolition Association, for their exceptional mentoring and insights into the C&D waste sector, which greatly enhanced our understanding of its technical and behavioural challenges in India.

Funding

Open access funding provided by Vellore Institute of Technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600127, India

    Hammadhu HaitherAli & Anjali Gopakumar

  2. School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia

    Salman Shooshtarian

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  1. Hammadhu HaitherAli
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  2. Salman Shooshtarian
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Contributions

Hammadhu HaitherAli: Conceptualization, data collection, analysis, visualization and writing. Salman Shooshtarian: Supervision and review. Anjali Gopakumar: Review and edit the manuscript and proofreading.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anjali Gopakumar.

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Institutional Ethical Committee for Studies on Human Subjects (IECH), Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai [VIT/IECH/CC/2025/89].

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HaitherAli, H., Shooshtarian, S. & Gopakumar, A. Exploring waste disposal attitudes and market strategies for recycled construction and demolition waste in India. Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32996-7

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  • Received: 27 September 2025

  • Accepted: 15 December 2025

  • Published: 29 December 2025

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32996-7

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Keywords

  • Circular economy
  • Stakeholder
  • Market analysis
  • Construction and demolition waste
  • Secondary material

Subjects

  • Engineering
  • Environmental sciences
  • Environmental social sciences
  • Environmental studies

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